The Migration of Ethiopians to Middle Eastern countries has become a common phenomenon. Research emphasizing aspects of Migration in Ethiopia has focused on the causes of Migration and the situation in the host country. But there has been no focus on future intentions of forced mass return. The internal instability of Ethiopia is also another issue for returnees staying in their homeland. Thus, this cross-sectional mixed research reveals the causes, challenges, and expectations of forced female returnee migrants in the Amhara region while they were in Migration to the Middle East, during work, and upon arrival to the homeland, as well as their future intention/plan/ after return in the homeland by applying factor analysis and binary logistic regression model. The study participants in this research were 346 forced female returnees from the Middle East selected with multistage sampling and two key informants from each study area's labor and social affairs office. Findings indicate that robbery, extortion, and lack of accommodation were challenges during Migration; verbal abuse, restricted mobility, and communication, no days off at work, and not receiving a wage for work were challenges during work in the Middle East. Besides, lack of happiness, lack of employment and support, and feeling inferiority and low self-esteem are challenges for return migrants after coming to their homeland. Most return migrants received continuous social counseling training, skill training, and entrepreneurship training. The study also reveals that currently married returnees have a significant positive intention to live in their homeland. Though, deprived economic and joblessness-related factors are statistically significant as the negative chance to live in the homeland. Lastly, the study recommends that close cooperation between all parties, governmental and non-governmental institutions, UN organizations like IOM, ILO, and other NGOs are needed to better reintegration and living of these forced returnees.

<p>The vegetative coverage throughout the world is rapidly changing, which also directly affects the land degradation. Therefore, this study was intended to investigate the vegetation vulnerability analysis triggered by land use/land cover (LULC) dynamics as an indicator of land degradation conditions using Remote Sensing and GIS in Guna-tana watershed. Trend studies and cross-sectional research design was employed, which produces data from the population at a particular point in time and to examine patterns of change with a mixed research approach to examine the degree of influence to measure the sensitivity analysis. A multi-criteria decision evaluation was used to create a vegetation vulnerability map for the research area. The vulnerability model was run using four sets of parameters: closeness to the road, slope, settlement closeness, and land use planning. Landsat imageries of 1995 and 2020 was used to conduct a comparative study of land use pattern. The study area has experienced a sequence of land degradation from 1995 to 2020, according to the results of multitemporal data. Agricultural and built-up lands have increased throughout this time, while forest and shrub land has decreased. The vegetation vulnerability of the area also shows that 19.23% extreme vulnerable and 67.03% very strongly vulnerable which is more than 80% of the area is highly vulnerable to vegetation. Vegetation suitability and land management evaluation is critical for determining the risk of land deterioration, that shows the adverse effects on ecological elements due to a decrease in metabolic capacity and patch disintegration processes. </p>

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