Otitis media has been reported as a common childhood disease and is associated with multiple microbial pathogens within the middle ear. Though the causative agents of this infection have largely remained the same over the years, current literature reviews show that the antibiotic susceptibility pattern has changed considerably. This study aimed to identify bacterial isolates and determine their antibiotic susceptibility and resistance patterns in children who had otitis media. This is a retrospective analysis of ear swab microscopy, culture and sensitivity (MCS) results of children between the age of 0 and 13 years who presented with clinical episodes of otitis media over a four year period. A total of 53 results were retrieved from the laboratory record book of which 43 were culture positive giving a yield of 84.9%. Males were 33 (62.3%) giving a M:F ratio of 1.7:1 and 71.7% were below the age of 5 years. Majority (68.9%) of the isolates were Gram positive organisms with Staphylococcus aureus being the commonest bacteria isolated (53.3%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20.0%) and then Streptococcus pyogenes (13.3%). The isolates were highly susceptible to ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and gentamicin, while all were found to be resistant to tetracycline, cefixime and levofloxacin. S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and S. pyogenes were the commonest bacterial isolates in the patients. Ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and gentamicin were the antibiotics with the highest bacterial susceptibility rate. Children with ear discharge were recommended to be investigated and treatment should be based on antimicrobial test to prevent resistance and probably complications.

Indoor air microbial communities play significant roles on the increase in hospitals acquired infections globally. In view of the importance of indoor air bacterial quality in the transmission of nosocomial infections, a study was conducted to assess the air bacterial load and antibiotic susceptibility profile of bacteria from some hospitals in Dutse, Jigawa State. A total of 114 air samples were collected and analyzed using standard procedures from wards and units of Rasheed Shekoni Teaching Hospital Dutse, General Hospital Dutse and Primary Health Care Centre Shuwarin. Settling platetechnique was employed and sampling was done twice daily (Morning and Afternoon). Aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts were conducted. Isolates were identified according to standard methods. The Medical Surgical Ward (MSW) revealed the highest airborne bacterial count (2.770x103 CFU/m3). General Hospital Dutse was found to have a higher indoor bacterial load than Rasheed Shekoni Teaching Hospital and Primary Healthcare Centre Shuwarin. Airborne Gram positive cocci were the most frequently detected (100%) in all the indoor environments. Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli were the bacterial species identified in the study. It was observed that the bacterial isolates were more susceptible to gentimicin. The findings revealed the presence of five (5) methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus isolates (MRSA) 60% in Male Medical Ward (MMW), 20% in Female Medical Ward (FMW), and 20% in Post-natal Ward (PNW). In conclusion, 84.2% of the hospitals’ units were having aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts within the acceptable limits. It is recommended that disinfection of male, female and post-natal wards should be intensified.

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Ovarian clear cell cancers (OCCC) represent 5–25% of ovarian cancers. Histologic diagnosis remains a significant challenge, often misclassifying the cancers. These tumours tend to present at earlier stages, and their aetiology is linked to endometriosis and genetic aberrations such as ARID1A and PIK3CA mutations. When compared, stage for the stage with other epithelial ovarian cancers, patients with early-stage OCCC have a better prognosis than patients with high-grade serous tumours. Patients with Stage IC–IV have a relatively poor prognosis, and efforts should centre on discovering more effective treatment strategies. Ovarian CCC is a biologically distinct entity, different from high-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC). Future research is needed to explore targeted therapy’s role in managing ovarian CCC.