It is well known that density inhomogeneities at the solid-liquid interface can have a strong effect on the velocity profile of a nanoconfined fluid in planar Poiseuille flow. However, it is difficult to control the density inhomogeneities induced by solid walls, making this type of system unsuitable for a comprehensive study of the effect on density inhomogeneity on nanofluidic flow. In this paper, we employ an external force compatible with periodic boundary conditions to induce the density variation, which greatly simplifies the problem when compared to flow in nonperiodic nanoconfined systems. Using the sinusoidal transverse force method to produce shearing velocity profiles and the sinusoidal longitudinal force method to produce inhomogeneous density profiles, we are able to observe the interactions between the two property inhomogeneities at the level of individual Fourier components. This gives us a method for direct measurement of the coupling between the density and velocity fields and allows us to introduce various feedback control mechanisms which customize fluid behavior in individual Fourier components. We briefly discuss the role of temperature inhomogeneity and consider whether local thermal expansion due to nonuniform viscous heating is sufficient to account for shear-induced density inhomogeneities. We also consider the local Newtonian constitutive relation relating the shear stress to the velocity gradient and show that the local model breaks down for sufficiently large density inhomogeneities over atomic length scales.
Zusammenfassung Es besteht ein klarer wissenschaftlicher und gesellschaftlicher Konsens über die Schlüsselrolle, die Gebäuden und der gebauten Umwelt bei der Reduzierung von Treibhausgasemissionen und Ressourcenverbrauch zukommt. Unklar ist jedoch, inwieweit Umweltziele und ökonomische Rentabilität im Immobilienbereich miteinander einhergehen. Dieser Artikel analysiert 42 internationale Studien zur Rentabilitaet von Immobilien mit Nachhaltigkeitszertifikaten anhand einer Metaanalyse und kommt zu dem Schluss, dass diese Gebäude zumindest ein moderater Preis-und Mietpraemium erzielen. Obwohl es Hinweise darauf gibt, dass Studien, die positive Ergebnisse berichten, mit höherer Wahrscheinlichkeit veröffentlicht wurden, liefern diese Studien dennoch einen Anhhaltspunkt dafür, dass nachhaltiges Bauen und Sanieren vom Markt als wirtschaftlich sinnvoll erkannt und entsprechend bepreist wird. Dabei ist allerdings zu bedenken, dass der wirtschaftliche Erfolg umweltgerechter Immobilieninvestments unter anderem auch davon abhängt, inwieweit Marktmechanismen etabliert werden können, die ein effiziente Verteilung von Risiko und Rendite ermöglichen, wie zum Beispiel grüne Mietverträge oder Energiespar-Contracting.Abstract There is a clear consensus among scientists and the larger public on the importance of buildings and the built environment in reducing carbon emissions and resource consumption. It is not clear, however, to what extent environmental and economic objectives are aligned, i.e. if sustainable and energy-efficient buildings generally also make for profitable investments. The present paper analyses 42 international studies on the profiftability of sustainable buildings using a metaanalysis framework and concludes that at least a moderate price and rental premium exsists. Despite signs of publication bias in the existing studies, i.e. positive results are more likely to be published than negative or inconclusive findings, commercial and residential real estate markets appear to consider sustainable construction and refurbishment an economically sound endeavour. It is worth noting that the feasibility of individual green investments depends, among others, on market mechanisms for sharing risks and rewards efficiently, for example through green leases or energy performance contracting.
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