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This paper focused on estimating the participation rate of care giving to elders. We used a theoretical model frame that was in common use for analyzing activity in the labor market and adjusted it for analyzing the care giving rate in elders. Using data of the rate of start taking care and the rate of end taking care in elders from the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe we evaluated the rate of "caregivers" in whole population at age over 50 and among males, females, people in labor force and out of labor force. According to our results, the lowest care rate is among men 16.8%, and the highest is among females 18.88%, while for whole population at age over 50, the care rate is 18.2%. According to our findings, there is a very high end of care rate from treatment in all population groups, pointing to the existence of a very large substitution among caregivers, mainly among people not in labor force (76.2%).

This paper sheds light on the large seignorage revenue collected by the U.S government resulting from the increase in dollar holding by foreign governments in their foreign reserves. In order to explore the connections between U.S seignorage revenue and other countries foreign reserves we estimated an equation linking between the foreign reserves of several foreign countries and the US monetary base. Our results show a strong connection between the foreign reserves of China, Japan and UK and the US monetary base.

In this paper, we suggested a new technique for extracting a technology index time series and calculated the technology index for 26 OECD countries for the years 1990-2011. Assuming that production function is Cobb-Douglas and with constant return to scale and that the labor parameter is equal to the labor share out of the total production, we extracted the technology parameter for each year and for each country. According to our findings, the largest advance in technology occurred in Estonia, Slovenia, Poland, and Ireland while the smallest advance was in Italy, Portugal, Mexico and Japan. A possible explanation for these differences is foreign R&D spillovers.