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This paper investigates the impact of market structure on the joint determination of exchange rate passthrough and currency of invoicing in international trade. A novel feature of the study is the focus on market share of firms on both sides of the market-that is, exporting firms and importing firms. A model of monopolistic competition with heterogeneous firms has the following set of predictions: a) exchange rate pass-through should be non-monotonic and U-shaped in the market share of exporting firms, but monotonically declining in the market share of importers; b) exchange rate pass-through should be lower, the higher is local currency invoicing of imports; and c) producer currency invoicing should be related non-monotonically and U-shaped to exporter market share, and monotonically declining in importing firms' market share. We test these predictions using a new and large micro data set covering the universe of Canadian imports over a six-year period. The data strongly support all three predictions.

In a small open economy fluctuations in the real exchange rate can affect plant turnover, and thus aggregate productivity, by altering the makeup of plants that populate the market. An appreciation of the local currency increases the level of competition in the domestic market as import competition intensifies and export opportunities shrink, forcing less productive plants from the market and compelling new entrants to be more competitive than they otherwise would have been. Depreciations have the opposite effect, as import competition weakens and new export opportunities arise, less competitive plants are able to continue to operate in the market and crowd out new, more productive entrants. This paper develops a dynamic structural model that captures the effect of plantlevel productivity and real exchange rate fluctuations on plant entry and exit decisions in the Canadian agricultural implements industry, and how this, in turn, affects aggregate productivity. The model's dynamic parameters are estimated in two stages. Variable profit parameters and the per-period fixed cost of operation are estimated first using the Nested Pseudo Likelihood (NPL) algorithm, and then the parameters characterizing the distribution of unobserved potential entrant productivity, along with the cost of entry, are estimated in a second stage using the Method of Simulated Moments (MSM). Finally, simulations of the model are used to investigate the effects of shocks to the exchange rate process on aggregate industry productivity. JEL classification: D21, D24, L11 Bank classification: Productivity; Exchange rates; Market structure and pricing RésuméDans une petite économie ouverte, les variations du taux de change réel peuvent influer sur la rotation des usines, et donc sur la productivité globale, par les modifications qu'elles entraînent dans la configuration du marché. Lorsque la monnaie du pays s'apprécie, le niveau de concurrence augmente sur le marché intérieur du fait que la concurrence des importations s'intensifie et que les possibilités d'exportation s'amenuisent, chassant ainsi les usines moins productives du marché et obligeant les nouvelles venues à se montrer plus compétitives qu'elles ne l'auraient fait autrement. À l'inverse, les dépréciations rendent les importations moins concurrentielles et ouvrent de nouveaux débouchés à l'étranger, ce qui permet aux usines moins compétitives de rester sur le marché et de tenir à l'écart de nouvelles concurrentes, plus productives. L'auteur élabore un modèle structurel dynamique qui reproduit l'incidence de la productivité individuelle des usines et des variations du taux de change réel sur les décisions des usines d'entrer dans le secteur canadien du matériel agricole ou d'en sortir, et les répercussions de ces décisions sur la productivité globale. L'estimation des paramètres dynamiques du modèle se fait en deux temps. L'auteur procède tout d'abord à l'estimation des paramètres des bénéfices variables et des charges d'exploitation fixes par période au moyen de l'algorithme i...