The nonparametric model was preferred for its simplicity while performing similarly to the other models. Being independent of the value set that is used, it can be applied to transform any EQ-5D-3L value set into EQ-5D-5L index values. Strengths of this approach include compatibility with three-level value sets. A limitation of any crosswalk is that the range of index values is restricted to the range of the EQ-5D-3L value sets.

A new version of the EQ-5D, the EQ-5D-5L, is available. The aim of this study is to produce a value set to support use of EQ-5D-5L data in decision-making. The study design followed an international research protocol. Randomly selected members of the English general public completed 10 time trade-off and 7 discrete choice experiment tasks in face-to-face interviews.A 20-parameter hybrid model was used to combine time trade-off and discrete choice experiment data to generate values for the 3,125 EQ-5D-5L health states. Valuation data are available for 996 respondents. Face validity of the data has been demonstrated, with more severe health states generally given lower values. Problems with pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression received the greatest weight. Compared to the existing EQ-5D-3L value set, there are considerably fewer "worse than dead" states (5.1%, compared with over one third), and the minimum value is higher. Values range from −0.285 (extreme problems on all dimensions) to 0.950 (for health states 11211 and 21111). Results have important implications for users of the EQ-5D-5L both in England and internationally. Quality-adjusted life year gains from interventions seeking to improve very poor health may be smaller using this value set and may previously have been overestimated. KEYWORDSEQ-5D-5L, NICE, PROMs, quality of life, stated preferences | INTRODUCTIONHealth care decisions are made under uncertainty, whereby any decision may have a range of different outcomes. To make the "best" decision, potential outcomes need ordering and valuing. Such decisions are made both at the individual level, such as choosing the optimal treatment for a patient, and at the national level, such as choosing how to allocate resources between treatments for different patient groups and across different health conditions. Clinical decisions often affect patients' health-related quality of life (HRQL). Evidence on patients' HRQL can be obtained using patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures. These may be condition specific or generic (see Fayers andMachin, 2016, andLongworth et al., 2014, for further information). Condition-specific PROs focus on specific healthThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Aims To critically review the available transcatheter aortic valve implantation techniques and their results, as well as propose recommendations for their use and development. Methods and results A committee of experts including European Association of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery and European Society of Car-diology representatives met to reach a consensus based on the analysis of the available data obtained with transcath-eter aortic valve implantation and their own experience. The evidence suggests that this technique is feasible and provides haemodynamic and clinical improvement for up to 2 years in patients with severe symptomatic aortic ste-nosis at high risk or with contraindications for surgery. Questions remain mainly concerning safety and long-term durability, which have to be assessed. Surgeons and cardiologists working as a team should select candidates, perform the procedure, and assess the results. Today, the use of this technique should be restricted to high-risk patients or those with contraindications for surgery. However, this may be extended to lower risk patients if the initial promise holds to be true after careful evaluation. * Corresponding authors. Tel: þ33 1 40 25 67 60, Fax: þ33 1 40 25 67 32, Email: alec.vahanian@bch.aphp.fr (A. V.);

The EuroQol Group has developed a standard protocol, with accompanying digital aid and interviewer training materials, that can be used to create value sets for the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire. The use of a well-described, consistent protocol across all countries enhances the comparability of value sets between countries, and allows the exploration of the influence of cultural and other factors on health state values.

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