Background and Purpose-In the general population, migraine, cerebrovascular diseases, and vascular dementia differ in many aspects between men and women. CADASIL is considered a unique model to investigate migraine with aura, stroke, and dementia related to ischemic small vessel disease. This study aims to evaluate the effect of gender on the main clinical and neuroimaging characteristics of CADASIL. Methods-Cross-sectional data from 313 CADASIL patients including various clinical and cognitive scores and MRI parameters were compared between men and women, and between those younger and older than the median age of the population corresponding to the usual age of menopause (51 years). Results-At younger than 51 years, migraine with aura was 50% more prevalent in women and stroke was 75% more prevalent in men. After the fifth decade, men had higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and Rankin scores than women and more severe executive dysfunction, although global cognitive scores were similar. Age at first stroke, the number of stroke events, and the prevalence of dementia and psychiatric symptoms did not differ between men and women. Brain volume was lower in men with a trend for a larger volume of lacunar infarcts. Conclusions-In CADASIL, migraine with aura is more frequent in women and stroke is more frequent in men before the age of menopause. This difference seems to vanish after this age limit but may result in a higher degree of cognitive impairment and cerebral atrophy in men at the late stage of the disease. The presumable role of ovarian hormones in these gender-related differences remains to be explored. (Stroke. 2012;43:137-141.)
Type IV collagen α1 and α2 chains form heterotrimers that constitute an essential component of basement membranes. Mutations in COL4A1, encoding the α1 chain, cause a multisystem disease with prominent cerebrovascular manifestations, including porencephaly, bleeding-prone cerebral small vessel disease, and intracranial aneurysms. Mutations in COL4A2 have only been reported in a few porencephaly families so far. Herein, we report on a young adult patient with recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage, leukoencephalopathy, intracranial aneurysms, nephropathy, and myopathy associated with a novel COL4A2 mutation. We extensively investigated a 29-year-old male patient with recurrent deep intracerebral hemorrhages causing mild motor and sensory hemisyndromes. Brain MRI showed deep intracerebral hemorrhages of different age, diffuse leukoencephalopathy, multiple cerebral microbleeds and small aneurysms of the carotid siphon bilaterally. Laboratory work-up revealed significant microscopic hematuria and elevation of creatine-kinase. Genetic testing found a de novo glycine mutation within the COL4A2 triple helical domain. The presented case completes the spectrum of cerebral and systemic manifestations of COL4A2 mutations that appears to be very similar to that in COL4A1 mutations. Therefore, we emphasize the importance of screening both COL4A1 and COL4A2 in patients showing recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage of unknown etiology, particularly if associated with leukoencephalopathy.
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) histogram metrics are correlated with clinical parameters in cerebral small vessel diseases (cSVD). Whether ADC histogram parameters derived from simple diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) can provide relevant markers for long term studies of cSVD remains unknown. CADASIL patients were evaluated by DWI and DTI in a large cohort study overa6-year period. ADC histogram parameters were compared to those derived from mean diffusivity (MD) histograms in 280 patients using intra-class correlation and Bland-Altman plots. Impact of image corrections applied to ADC maps was assessed and a mixed effect model was used for analyzing the effects of scanner upgrades. The results showed that ADC histogram parameters are strongly correlated to MD histogram parameters and that image corrections have only limited influence on these results. Unexpectedly, scanner upgrades were found to have major effects on diffusion measures with DWI or DTI that can be even larger than those related to patients’ characteristics. These data support that ADC histograms from daily used DWI can provide relevant parameters for assessing cSVD, but the variability related to scanner upgrades as regularly performed in clinical centers should be determined precisely for longitudinal and multicentric studies using diffusion MRI in cSVD.
Absztrakt: Bevezetés: A korai nemzetközi adatok szerint a COVID–19-pandémia alatt az akut ischaemiás stroke miatti intézményi felvételek száma csökkent, és a kezelésig eltelt idő megnőtt. Célkitűzés: Azt vizsgáltuk, hogy a COVID–19-pandémia a magyarországi akut ischaemiás stroke ellátásra is hatással volt-e. Módszer: A járvány által érintett, 2020. 03. 01. és 2020. 04. 30. közötti időszakban egy egyetemi stroke-centrumban akut ischaemiás stroke miatt felvettek adatait hasonlítottuk 2019 azonos periódusához. A demográfiai és klinikai jellemzők mellett elemeztük az intravénás és az endovascularis kezelések arányát és az ellátás időbeli mutatóit. Eredmények: A COVID-időszakban 86, a kontrollidőszakban 97 akut ischaemiás stroke beteget láttunk el. A két időszak a demográfiai és a klinikai jellemzők szempontjából kiegyensúlyozott volt. A járvány alatt az endovascularis kezelések aránya nem változott (8%), az intravénás thrombolysisek aránya 26%-ról 16%-ra csökkent. A COVID-időszakban a stroke kezdetétől az intravénás kezelés megkezdéséig eltelt idő átlagosan 20 perccel nőtt, míg a kórházba érkezéstől a kezelésig eltelt idő átlagosan csak 5 perccel növekedett. A járvány alatt a 24 órán túl érkezettek aránya 13%-kal növekedett (p = 0,046). A beérkezési időkategóriák közötti átrendeződésben a többváltozós (vizsgálat éve, NIHSS, életkor) logisztikus regresszió alapján leginkább a vizsgálat évének (p = 0,096) lehet szerepe. Következtetések: A COVID-időszakban akut ischaemiás stroke miatt felvettek száma 11%-kal csökkent, a reperfúziós kezeléssel biztosan nem kezelhető, 24 órán túl érkező esetek aránya szignifikánsan növekedett. Míg az endovascularis beavatkozások aránya nem változott, az intravénás thrombolysisek abszolút aránya 10%-kal csökkent, és az intravénás kezelésig eltelt idő tendenciaszerűen megnőtt. Ezekben a változásokban magának a COVID–19-járványnak és a hozzá kapcsolódó kórházi ellátáson kívüli faktoroknak lehet a legnagyobb szerepükOrv Hetil. 2020; 161(34): 1395–1399.
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