Objectives: First aid programmes should include not only the transfer of knowledge and skills but also improve participants’ helping attitudes. The aim of this study was to evalute the immediate and long-term effects of a 3-day first aid programme for kindergarten children. Methods: One hundred and eighteen kindergarten children (5–7 years old) from an inner-city kindergarten located in Pécs, Hungary, were involved in this study between January 2016 and June 2017. Training consisted of three 45-minute sessions involving the transfer of theoretical knowledge and practical skills about first aid. Knowledge, skills and attitudes were assessed by means of a questionnaire developed for the study and through observation. Participants were tested before and immediately after the programme and at 4 and 15 months. Results: The majority of children had no prior knowledge in first aid. Knowledge and skills significantly improved immediately after training and remained significantly higher at 4 and 15 months when compared to baseline – calling the ambulance ( p < 0.01), performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR; p < .01), using an automated external defibrillator (AED; p < .01), handling an unconscious patient ( p < .01) and managing bleeding ( p < .01). Attitudes towards first aid improved significantly after the programme ( p < .01) and remained improved after 4 and 15 months when compared to baseline ( p < .01). Conclusion: Beginning first aid education in kindergarten can be useful. Children cannot become professional bystanders immediately following training, but the programme can offer an introduction of first aid. However, the results decreased substantially after 15 months so regular refreshing training should be recommended.

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AimFirst aid education in early childhood can be an effective method to increase the number of trained bystanders. Our aim was to evaluate the long-term effects of a 3-day first aid programme for all primary school-age groups (7–14 years old).MethodsThis study was a 15-month follow-up of our previous investigation. Five-hundred and twenty-four primary school children were involved in this study. Measurements were made on the following topics: adult basic life support, using an automated external defibrillator (AED), handling an unconscious patient, managing bleeding and calling the ambulance. Data collection was made with a self-made questionnaire and skill test.ResultsKnowledge and skills were significantly higher after 15 months than before training (p<0.01). However, these results were significantly worse than immediately and 4 months after training (p<0.01). Based on the questionnaire, more than three-quarters knew the emergency phone number 15 months after training. Approximately two-thirds of the children could use the correct hand position in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the correct compression-ventilation ratio and an AED, and half of them could perform correct recovery position at 15 months. Correct assessment of breathing was similar in a situation game than before training. Self-efficacy improved significantly after training (p<0.01) and remained improved after 4 and 15 months when compared with before training (p<0.01).ConclusionParticipants could remember some aspects of first aid long term. However, knowledge and skills had declined after 15 months, so refresher training would be recommended. Self-efficacy towards first aid improved after training and remained high after 15 months.

Introduction: The impact of one-day surgery has been increasing since the past few decades. This type of health service could fulfil many requirements of health policy, health care services, governments as well as patients. Aim: The aim of the research was to assess the publicly financed case numbers and interventions of one-day surgery in Hungary between 2010 and 2015 from different aspects. Method: A retrospective and quantitative research was made, based on data of the National Health Insurance Fund of Hungary. The database contained all publicly financed one-day surgery cases (both theoretical and performed cases), intervention codes (WHO) as well as the related medical field. Then the database also contained all relevant information related to the patients (age, sex, residency according to the county) and the type of the provider health care institutions. Results: Our results showed an increasing tendency according to the case numbers of one-day surgery from 130 995 (2010) to 251 328 (2015). The mean age of patients also increased in the analyzed period; in 2010: 47.4 years, in 2015: 54.5 years. In 2010, 42% of the theoretically defined one-day surgery cases were practically performed as one-day surgery cases which increased significantly to 65% in 2015. Gynecology, ophthalmology, general surgery and urology have had a significant impact in one-day surgery in Hungary. Conclusion: The analyzed data showed a significant increase of accounted cases, and we could identify the remarkable impact of gynecology and ophthalmology in one-day surgery in Hungary. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(17): 670–678.

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: A stroke-betegek ellátásában arra kell törekedni, hogy a tünetek jelentkezését követően minél előbb a szakmai centrumba kerüljön a beteg. Célkitűzés: Kutatásunkban a terápiás időablak tarthatósága céljából vizsgáltuk, hogy mely tényezők bírnak hatással a prehospitális ellátás időtartamaira. Módszer: Keresztmetszeti, kvantitatív kutatásunkhoz az adatgyűjtést két magyarországi város mentőállomásán, orvosi kompetenciával rendelkező (eset-, rohamkocsi) és orvosi kompetenciával nem rendelkező (mentőgépkocsi) mentőegység szintjén végeztük 2017-es adatok feldolgozásával olyan betegek körében, akiknek a mentőegység általi iránydiagnózisa stroke volt (n = 220). Vizsgáltuk, hogy a mentőegységek által elvégzett vizsgálatok, a tapasztalt tünetek, a terápiás időablakon belüliség miként befolyásolta a prehospitális időket. Az adatfeldolgozást SPSS 26.0 statisztikai programmal végeztük. Az elemzéshez leíró statisztikát, χ2-próbát, F-próbát és T-próbát alkalmaztunk. Eredmények: Megállapítottuk, hogy az alkalmazott score-rendszer vizsgálati elemei közül, ha aphasia volt észlelhető a betegnél, úgy szignifikánsan meghosszabbodott a helyszínen töltött idő (p = 0,003). A gyors ABCDE-betegvizsgálat D-lépésében kötelező a betegnél a vércukorszintmérés, ugyanakkor ez mintánk 25,45%-ában elmaradt. A helyszíni műszeres vércukorszintmérés hatással van a prehospitális késés alakulására az orvosi kompetencia nélküli egységek vonatkozásában (p<0,001). Következtetés: A helyszínen töltött idő az emelt szintű mentőegységek esetében hosszabb, mint az alacsonyabb szintű egységeknél. Következtetésként levonhatjuk, hogy a motoros vagy szenzoros aphasia nem befolyásolja a terápiát, pusztán a stroke-diagnózis valószínűségét növelő egyik tünet, így a helyszíni idő emiatti megnyúlása mindenképpen kerülendő, amire javasolt a továbbképzések alkalmával is felhívni az ellátók figyelmét. Az orvosi kompetencia nélküli egységek esetében beavatkozást igényel a műszeres vércukormérés időrabló hatásának csökkentése, hiszen látható, hogy az orvosi kompetenciával rendelkező egységeknél ez a vizsgálat nem jelenik meg mint késést okozó tényező. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(7): 279–287. Summary. Introduction: When treating stroke patients, the aim should be to get the patient to a specialist stroke centre as soon as possible. Objective: In our study, in order to be able to stay within the therapeutic window, we investigated which variables affect the time period of prehospital treatment. Method: For our cross-sectional quantitative study, we gathered data from two ambulance stations in Hungary, comparing the competence of physician and non-physician units. We processed information from 2017 regarding patients whose initial diagnosis was stroke (n = 220). We examined how investigations by the ambulance unit, symptoms experienced and therapeutic time window have affected prehospital times. As for the statistic software, we used SPSS 26.0. The analysis was conducted by performing χ2 test, F-test and T-test. Results: We identified that if the aphasia component of the used score system was positive, the on-scene time increased significantly (p = 0.003). In the D section of the rapid ABCDE assessment, it is mandatory to measure the blood glucose level of the patient, however, in our sample it was omitted in 25.45% of the cases. We identified that on-site blood glucose measurement has an effect on prehospital delay for non-physician units (p<0.001). Conclusion: We found that the on-scene time is longer for physician units than for non-physician units. We concluded that motor or sensory aphasia does not affect the therapy, it is just one of the symptoms that can increase the likelihood of stroke diagnosis, therefore prolonging time for assessing aphasia in the field should be avoided. Moreover, it is recommended to make care providers aware of this during training sessions. Improvements are required in non-physician units to reduce the time consumed by blood glucose measurement, as it has been shown that within physician units this test does not appear to be a delay-causing factor. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(7): 279–287.