T cells are strongly affected by immune aging, a phenomenon that leads to increased susceptibility to infections and decreased vaccination efficacy in elderly individuals. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection induces vigorous T-cell immune responses in humans and is thought to be a driving force of immune aging. In the present study we analyzed CMV-induced quantitative and qualitative differences in the cytokine-expressing T-cell repertoire from individuals of different age groups after in vitro stimulation. The CMV pp65 peptide pool and the superantigen Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) induced higher proportions of CD8 ؉ effector T cells expressing gamma interferon (IFN-␥), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-␣), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the oldest study group, while only SEB induced increased responses in the middle-aged study group. Notably, CMV-specific multiple cytokine expression patterns revealed higher proportions of IFN-␥-and TNF-␣-coexpressing CD8 ؉ T cells exclusively in the oldest study group. These qualitative differences were absent in SEB-induced CD8؉ effector T cells, although quantitative differences were detected. We report age-dependent qualitative changes in CMV-specific CD8 ؉ T-cell cytokine patterns which are biocandidate markers of immune exhaustion in elderly individuals.

Infection with adenovirus is a major cause of infectious mortality in children following hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. While adoptive transfer of epitope-specific T cells is a particularly effective therapeutic approach, there are few suitable adenoviral peptide epitopes described to date. Here, we describe the adenoviral peptide epitope FRKDVNMVL from hexon protein, and its variant FRKDVNMIL, that is restricted by human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-C*0702. Since HLA-C*0702 can be recognized by both T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, we characterized responses by both cell types. T cells specific for FRKDVNMVL were detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells expanded from eight of ten healthy HLA-typed donors by peptide-HLA multimer staining, and could also be detected by cultured interferon γ ELISpot assays. Surprisingly, HLA-C*0702 was not downregulated during infection, in contrast to the marked downregulation of HLA-A*0201, suggesting that adenovirus cannot evade T cell responses to HLA-C*0702-restricted peptide epitopes. By contrast, NK responses were inhibited following adenoviral peptide presentation. Notably, presentation of the FRKDVNMVL peptide enhanced binding of HLA-C*0702 to the inhibitory receptor KIR2DL3 and decreased NK cytotoxic responses, suggesting that adenoviruses may use this peptide to evade NK responses. Given the immunodominance of FRKDVNMVL-specific T cell responses, apparent lack of HLA-C*0702 downregulation during infection, and the high frequency of this allotype, this peptide epitope may be particularly useful for adoptive T cell transfer therapy of adenovirus infection.

Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) has become a treatment option for viral reactivations in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT). Animal models have shown that pathogen-specific central memory T cells (TCM) are protective even at low numbers and show long-term survival, extensive proliferation and high plasticity after adoptive transfer. Concomitantly, our own recent clinical data demonstrate that minimal doses of purified (not in-vitro- expanded) human CMV epitope-specific T cells can be sufficient to clear viremia. However, it remains to be determined if human virus-specific TCM show the same promising features for ACT as their murine counterparts. Using a peptide specific proliferation assay (PSPA) we studied the human Adenovirus- (AdV), Cytomegalovirus- (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus- (EBV) specific TCM repertoires and determined their functional and proliferative capacities in vitro. TCM products were generated from buffy coats, as well as from non-mobilized and mobilized apheresis products either by flow cytometry-based cell sorting or magnetic cell enrichment using reversible Fab-Streptamers. Adjusted to virus serology and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-typing, donor samples were analyzed with MHC multimer- and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) before and after PSPA. TCM cultures showed strong proliferation of a plethora of functional virus-specific T cells. Using PSPA, we could unveil tiniest virus epitope-specific TCM populations, which had remained undetectable in conventional ex-vivo-staining. Furthermore, we could confirm these characteristics for mobilized apheresis- and GMP-grade Fab-Streptamer-purified TCM products. Consequently, we conclude that TCM bare high potential for prophylactic low-dose ACT. In addition, use of Fab-Streptamer-purified TCM allows circumventing regulatory restrictions typically found in conventional ACT product generation. These GMP-compatible TCM can now be used as a broad-spectrum antiviral T cell prophylaxis in alloHSCT patients and PSPA is going to be an indispensable tool for advanced TCM characterization during concomitant immune monitoring.

Adenovirus infections of immunocompromised patients, particularly following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, are associated with morbidity and mortality. Immunotherapy by adoptive transfer of hexon-specific and penton-specific T cells has been successfully applied, but many approaches are impeded by the low number of HLA class I-restricted adenoviral peptide epitopes described to date. We use a novel method to identify naturally presented adenoviral peptide epitopes from infected human cells, ectopically expressing defined HLA, using peptide elution and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. We show that the previously described HLA-A*01:01-restricted peptide epitope LTDLGQNLLY from hexon protein is naturally presented, and demonstrate the functionality of LTDLGQNLLY-specific T cells. We further identify a novel immunodominant HLA-B*07:02-restricted peptide epitope VPATGRTLVL from protein 13.6 K, and demonstrate the high proliferative, cytotoxic, and IFN-γ-producing capacity of peptide-specific T cells. Lastly, LTDLGQNLLY-specific T cells can be detected ex vivo following adoptive transfer therapy, and LTDLGQNLLY-specific and VPATGRTLVL-specific T cells have memory phenotypes ex vivo. Given their proliferative and cytotoxic capacity, such epitope-specific T cells are promising candidates for adoptive T-cell transfer therapy of adenovirus infection.