Coeliac disease occurs in about 1% of people in most populations. Diagnosis rates are increasing, and this seems to be due to a true rise in incidence rather than increased awareness and detection. Coeliac disease develops in genetically susceptible individuals who, in response to unknown environmental factors, develop an immune response that is subsequently triggered by the ingestion of gluten. The disease has many clinical manifestations, ranging from severe malabsorption to minimally symptomatic or non-symptomatic presentations. Diagnosis requires the presence of duodenal villous atrophy, and most patients have circulating antibodies against tissue transglutaminase; in children, European guidelines allow a diagnosis without a duodenal biopsy provided that strict symptomatic and serological criteria are met. Although a gluten-free diet is an effective treatment in most individuals, a substantial minority develop persistent or recurrent symptoms. Difficulties adhering to a gluten-free diet have led to the development of non-dietary therapies, several of which are undergoing trials in human beings.

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C oronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic characterized by a high fatality rate. 1 The incidence of COVID-19 has risen dramatically in the United States since March 2020, with the highest number of cases in the country present in New York City. 2 As health care systems rise to the challenge of unprecedented demands, there is an urgent need to characterize the spectrum of clinical presentations of this disease to allow early identification, isolation, and triage of affected patients.Although fever, cough, and shortness of breath are among the most common presenting symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms are increasingly recognized among patients with COVID-19. [3][4][5][6][7] This case-control study aimed to describe gastrointestinal symptomatology-including diarrhea and nausea/vomiting-in US patients with COVID-19 compared to patients presenting under similar circumstances who tested negative for COVID-19. The secondary aims were to characterize the associations of gastrointestinal symptoms with total illness duration and early clinical outcomes. MethodsThis was a retrospective case-control study. Adults 18 years of age were considered for the study if they underwent nasopharyngeal swab testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) between March 10, 2020, and March 21, 2020, at outpatient settings, including clinics or the emergency departments, of New York-Presbyterian-Columbia or the medical center's affiliates in New York. Indications for testing during this period were respiratory symptoms (cough, fever, shortness of breath) with intent to hospitalize or the same symptoms in essential personnel. Patients were excluded if insufficient data were available in the electronic medical record or if testing was performed during a preexisting inpatient admission. This study was approved by the Columbia University Irving Medical Center institutional review board.Manual chart review of randomly selected patients was performed by 3 investigators (YRN, MP, DEF) blinded to SARS-CoV-2 test result. The primary exposure was presence of gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea or nausea/

Background-There are no guidelines for the recommended interval to the next examination after colonoscopy with suboptimal bowel preparation.