SUMMARY: PRES is a clinicoradiologic entity, combining seizures, blindness, and coma with MR imaging findings of predominantly vasogenic and occasional cytotoxic edema. In this clinical report, we determined the type of edema by using DWI and FLAIR sequences on MR imaging as well as ADC maps in 28 patients with PRES. The neuradiologic findings were correlated with levels of serum albumin, which is a main contributor to colloid osmotic pressure and vascular integrity. The presence of vasogenic edema was significantly associated with decreased serum albumin levels, which may be a particular risk factor for the development of PRES.ABBREVIATIONS: ADC ϭ apparent diffusion coefficient; ANOVA ϭ analysis of variance; CI ϭ confidence interval; COP ϭ colloid osmotic pressure; DWI ϭ diffusion-weighted imaging; FLAIR ϭ fluid-attenuated inversion recovery; IL ϭ Interleukin; KS ϭ Kolmogorov-Smirnov; MWU ϭ Mann Whitney U; NO ϭ nitric oxide; PRES ϭ posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome; ROS ϭ reactive oxygen species P RES is a clinicoradiologic entity with acute onset of seizures, blindness, alterations of consciousness, and headache. MR imaging is of great importance in the diagnosis of this clinically inhomogeneous syndrome, which typically shows bilateral signal-intensity alterations in cortical and subcortical regions of the posterior circulation, indicating vasogenic edema.1 A low proportion of patients show cytotoxic edema or lesions outside the posterior circulation.2 An association between the etiology of PRES and MR imaging findings has been negated in a recent investigation.3 Additionally, it remains unclear why patients develop either vasogenic or cytotoxic edema in PRES. Cytotoxic and vasogenic edema in PRES can be differentiated by using DWI and FLAIR sequences. 4 It has been postulated that PRES is caused by endothelial damage and dysfunctional cerebral autoregulation due to excessive hypertension, leading to hyperperfusion and subsequent vasogenic edema in susceptible vessels. 5,6 Other risk factors are pre-eclampsia, sepsis, cytotoxic and immunosuppressant drugs, and nephrotic syndrome.7 These conditions all involve high oxidative stress and a systemic proinflammatory process, 8 hinting at additional mechanisms involved in PRES pathogenesis, such as vasoactive substances, vasospasm, and microinfarctions. 9 As seen in nephrotic syndrome, most diseases associated with PRES exhibit significantly reduced serum albumin levels.10 Serum albumin accounts for 75% of plasma protein and, therefore, is a main contributor to COP, reducing perfusion pressure, which results in retention of fluid in the vessel. 11Vasogenic edema can be aggravated by a marked decrease in COP. 12 Albumin protects vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress and damage, 13 acting as an important antioxidant that preserves vascular integrity.This clinical report describes 28 patients with PRES and focuses on the type of edema in correlation with serum albumin. We show that vasogenic edema in PRES occurs significantly more often in patien...

Specific language impairment (SLI) comprises impairments in receptive and/or expressive language. Aim of this study was to evaluate a screening for SLI. 61 children with SLI (SLI-children, age-range 4–6 years) and 61 matched typically developing controls were tested for receptive language ability (Token Test—TT) and for intelligence (Wechsler Preschool-and-Primary-Scale-of-Intelligence—WPPSI). Group differences were analyzed using t tests, as well as direct and stepwise discriminant analyses. The predictive value of the WPPSI with respect to TT performance was analyzed using regression analyses. SLI-children performed significantly worse on both TT and WPPSI (). The TT alone yielded an overall classification rate of 79%, the TT and the WPPSI together yielded an overall classification rate of 80%. TT performance was significantly predicted by verbal intelligence in SLI-children and nonverbal intelligence in controls whilst WPPSI subtest arithmetic was predictive in both groups. Without further research, the Token Test cannot be seen as a valid and sufficient tool for the screening of SLI in preschool children but rather as a tool for the assessment of more general intellectual capacities. SLI-children at this age already show impairments typically associated with SLI which indicates the necessity of early developmental support or training. Token Test performance is possibly an indicator for a more general developmental factor rather than an exclusive indicator for language difficulties.

A statistically significant improvement of inner ear hearing levels postoperatively (p = 0.041) and a major reduction in vertigo attacks in all groups (p < 0.001) with complete absence of attacks in 26/30 patients was noted. Results remained constant up to 9 years postoperatively. Although tinnitus persisted, the intensity was lower overall (p = 0.013).

IntroductionHPV positive patients suffering from head and neck cancer benefit from intensified radiotherapy when applied as a primary as well as an adjuvant treatment strategy. However, HPV negative patients treated with surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy lack validated prognostic biomarkers. It is therefore important to define prognostic biomarkers in this particular patient population. Especially, ´high-risk groups´ need to be defined in order to adapt treatment protocols. Since dysregulation of the sonic hedgehog pathway plays an important role in carcinogenesis, we aimed to assess whether members of the sonic hedgehog-signaling pathway may act as prognostic factors in patients with HPV negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.Materials and MethodsIn this prospective study, pretreatment tumor biopsies of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma were taken during panendoscopy (2005 to 2008). All patients were treated with surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. After assessment of HPV and p16 status, protein expression profiles of the Sonic hedgehog-signaling pathway were determined by immunohistochemistry and tissue microarray analyses in 36 HPV negative tumor biopsies. Expression profiles of Sonic hedgehog, Indian hedgehog, Patched, Smoothened, Gli-1, Gli-2 and Gli-3 were correlated with patients´ clinical data, local-control rate, disease-free as well as overall survival. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas databank were used for external validation of our results.ResultsGli-1 (p = 0.04) and Gli-2 (p = 0.02) overexpression was significantly linked to improved overall survival of HPV negative patients. Gli-2 (p = 0.04) overexpression correlated significantly with prolonged disease-free survival. Cox-multivariate analysis showed that overexpression of Gli-2 correlated independently (HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.16–0.95, p = 0.03) with increased overall survival.DiscussionGli-1 and Gli-2 overexpression represents a substantial prognostic factor for overall and disease-free survival in patients with locally advanced HPV negative head and neck cancer undergoing surgery and postoperative radiotherapy.