To control bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum, phylotype IIB/4NPB), the antimicrobial effect of Allium fistulosum aqueous extract was assessed as a preplant soil treatment. Three concentrations of extract (100, 50, and 25%, 1:1 [wt/vol]) were evaluated by in vitro inhibition assay and in vivo experiments in a growth chamber. In vitro, A. fistulosum (100 and 50%) suppressed growth of R. solanacearum. Preplant treatment of the soil with A. fistulosum extract significantly reduced the R. solanacearum populations. No pathogen was detected in the soil after treatment with 100% concentrated extract from the third day after application until the end of the experiment. A. fistulosum also significantly reduced the incidence of tomato bacterial wilt. In the untreated control, the disease affected 61% of the plants whereas, with 100 and 50% extracts, only 6 and 14% of the plants, respectively, were affected. These results suggest that A. fistulosum extracts could be used in biocontrol-based management strategies for bacterial wilt of tomato.

This article identifies several key characteristics of transit countries, including: (1) geographic proximity to attractive destination countries; (2) insufficient legislation and weak enforcement to deal with trafficking in persons and migrant smuggling; (3) liberal immigration policies; and (4) an operational criminal infrastructure to facilitate trafficked persons' entry into and exit from a country. The challenges faced by transit countries -compared with origin and destination countries -are discussed, and then a focused analysis is provided of the measures that transit countries should pursue to prevent trafficking, prosecute traffickers and protect victims. The article concludes that global efforts to improve the response of destination and origin countries for human trafficking must be expanded to hold transit countries accountable in addressing this problem.

In tropical ecosystems, ants represent a substantial portion of the animal biomass and contribute to various ecosystem services, including pest regulation and pollination. Dominant ant species are known to determine the structure of ant communities by interfering in the foraging of other ant species. Using bait and pitfall trapping experiments, we performed a pattern analysis at a fine spatial scale of an ant community in a very simplified and homogeneous agroecosystem, that is, a single‐crop banana field in Martinique (French West Indies). We found that the community structure was driven by three dominant species (Solenopsis geminata, Nylanderia guatemalensis, and Monomorium ebeninum) and two subdominant species (Pheidole fallax and Brachymyrmex patagonicus). Our results showed that dominant and subdominant species generally maintained numerical dominance at baits across time, although S. geminata, M. ebeninum, and B. patagonicus displayed better abilities to maintain dominance than P. fallax and N. guatemalensis. Almost all interspecific correlations between species abundances, except those between B. patagonicus and N. guatemalensis, were symmetrically negative, suggesting that interference competition prevails in this ground‐dwelling ant community. However, we observed variations in the diurnal and nocturnal foraging activity and in the daily occurrence at baits, which may mitigate the effect of interference competition through the induction of spatial and temporal niche partitioning. This may explain the coexistence of dominant, subdominant, and subordinate species in this very simplified agroecosystem, limited in habitat structure and diversity.