Because little is known about energy requirements in anorectic patients before and after weight gain we measured resting metabolic rate (RMR) by indirect calorimetry and total energy expenditure (TEE) by the doubly labeled water method in 6 patients with anorexia nervosa (body mass index [BMI] = 15.1 ± 1.3 kg/m2), in 6 weight‐recovered anorectics (BMI = 21.2 ± 2.1 kg/m2), and in 12 healthy age‐matched women (BMI = 20.5 ± 1.9 kg/m2). No significant differences were found between the weight‐recovered anorectic women and the healthy controls in RMR (1,330 ± 131 kcal/day [weight‐recovered]; 1,419 ± 197 [controls]) and in TEE (2,602 ± 637 kcal/day [weight‐recovered]; 2,596 ± 493 kcal/day [controls]). The RMR was significantly lower in the acutely ill anorectic patients (1,171 ± 113 kcal/24 hr) than in weight‐recovered anorectics and in healthy controls. The TEE was significantly lower in the anorectic group (1,946 ± 192 kcal/day) than in the healthy controls. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Numbers of obese and overweight people continue to grow in Germany as they do worldwide. Men are affected more often but do less about it and few weight loss services attract men in particular. To evaluate the effectiveness of a menonly weight loss program, Football Fans in Training (FFIT), delivered by football clubs in the German Bundesliga, we did a non-randomized trial with a waiting list control group. Participants' data were collected between January 2017 and July 2018. FFIT is a 12-week, group-based, weight loss program and was delivered in stadia and facilities of 15 professional German Bundesliga clubs. Inclusion criteria were age 35-65 years, BMI ≥ 28 and waist circumference ≥100 cm.. Clubs recruited participants through Social Media, E-Mail and match day advertisement. 477 German male football fans were allocated to the intervention group by order of registration date at their respective clubs. 84 participants on waiting list were allocated to the control group. Primary outcome was mean difference in weight loss with treatment condition over time as independent variable. We performed a multilevel mixed-effects linear regression analysis. Results were based on Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis with Multiple Imputation.. After 12 weeks, the mean weight loss of the intervention group adjusted for club, course and participants' age was 6.24 kg (95 % CI 5.82 to 6.66) against 0.50 kg (-0.47 to 1.49) in the comparison group (p<0.001). The results indicate that Football Fans in Training effectively helped German men to reduce their weight and waist circumference.

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Background Substance-related and addictive disorders are among the most common mental disorders in adolescence and young adulthood. Vocational school students are a risk group for problematic substance use and addictive behavior. However, the availability of evidence-based prevention concepts and programs is underdeveloped in the vocational school setting. Methods/design A two-arm cluster randomized waitlist-controlled trial will be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of an app-based intervention to decrease substance use, gambling, and digital media use in vocational school students in Germany. Vocational students will participate in an app-based intervention that is designed to support voluntary commitment to abstain from or reduce substance or digital media use over a period of 2 weeks. The “education-as-usual” control arm will have access to the intervention after data collection is completed. One of the primary outcome measures will be the use of alcohol, nicotine, and digital media 30 days after the intervention. Several secondary outcome measures will also be included, such as cannabis consumption, gambling, symptoms of stress, physical activity, mindfulness, well-being, impulsivity and sensation seeking, and readiness to change. A total of 4500 vocational students from 225 classes will be recruited and randomized across three German federal states. Discussion This study protocol describes the design of an RCT testing the effectiveness of an app-based intervention to reduce addictive behaviors in vocational school students. It is expected that this approach will be feasible for and effective in the vocational school setting and that the study provides comprehensive information on the key factors involved in temporary abstaining or reducing substance or digital media use. Trial registration German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00023788. Registered on 20 January 2021

The optical isomers of the beta blocking agent propranolol exert beta receptor blocking as well as membrane stabilizing effects. The latter is thought to be responsible for the antiarrhythmic effect of the drug. In this study we quantified the electrophysiological effects of both isomers of propranolol on the conduction and pacemaker system of the heart. The experiments were performed on isolated hearts using a special ECG recording and stimulation technique. To abolish isoproterenol's beta adrenergic stimulatory effect on heart rate, 30-times higher concentrations of (+)propranolol were necessary than of (-)propranolol in order to be consistent. Both isomers caused a similar and marked slowing of conduction velocity through the bundle of His and ventricular myocardium. Also, heart rate, as well as atrio-ventricular conduction velocity were significantly slowed by a concentration of 10 microM of either drug, (-)propranolol being slightly more effective. Only in the presence of (-)propranolol did significant changes of atrio-ventricular and His-bundle conduction occur at a concentration of 1 microM. During programmed stimulation sinus node recovery time was more prolonged by (-)propranolol than during perfusion with (+)propranolol. The highest rate of pacing with 1:1 conduction of the sino-atrial conduction, the atrial and ventricular myocardium was significantly depressed to a comparable degree by either isomers of propranolol. These effects appear to be primarily responsible for the antiarrhythmic effects of both isomers. Because of the minor effects of (+)propranolol on sinus- and AV-node activity, as well as on beta adrenergic receptors, this isomer may have potential clinical importance in the treatment of arrhythmias.