The most devastating attacks against the Jews of medieval Christian Europe took place during the riots that erupted, in 1391 and 1392, in the lands of Castile and Aragon. For ten horrific months, hundreds if not thousands of Jews were killed, numerous Jewish institutions destroyed, and many Jews forcibly converted to Christianity. Benjamin Gampel explores why the famed convivencia of medieval Iberian society - in which Christians, Muslims and Jews seemingly lived together in relative harmony - was conspicuously absent. Using extensive archival evidence, this critical volume explores the social, religious, political, and economic tensions at play in each affected town. The relationships, biographies and personal dispositions of the royal family are explored to understand why monarchic authority failed to protect the Jews during these violent months. Gampel's extensive study is essential for scholars and graduate students of medieval Iberian and Jewish history.
SUMMARY
A study of the observed behaviour of mothers of different ethnic origin to the examination of their babies has been carried out in two London welfare clinics.
West Indian mothers appeared to pay less attention to the examination than mothers of English or other origin.
In response to the question, ‘When did you first feel that your baby belonged to you?’, the English mothers said they developed a feeling of their baby ‘belonging’ much later in the postnatal period than the West Indian mothers.
The number of subjects examined was too small for adequate conclusions to be drawn or for the breakdown of the variables considered.
RÉSUMÉ
Observation de la réaction mères à l'examendes de leur bébé
Cette étude, poulsuivie dans deux dispensaires de Londres, concerne la reaction des mères de differentes origines ethniques à l'examen de leur bébé.
Les mères originaires des Indes Occidentales semblaient apporter moins d'attention à l'examen.
En réponse à la question, Quand avez‐vous senti pour la première fois que votre bébé vous appartenait?, les mères anglaises avaient le sentiment de ‘possession de leur bébé’ bien plus tard dans la période post‐natale.
Le nombre de sujets examinés était trop petit pour conclure justement ou pour différentier les variables considérées.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Beobachtung des Benehmens von Müttern gegenüber der Untersuchung ihrer Kleinkinder
Eine Beobachtungsstudie über das Benehmen von Müttern verschiedenen ethnischen Ursprunges zu der Untersuchung ihrer Babies, wurde in 2 Fürsorge‐Kliniken in London unternommen.
Westindische Mütter schienen der Untersuchung weniger Aufmerksamkeit zu zollen.
In Beantwortung der Frage ‘Wann fühlten Sie zum ersten Mai dass das Baby Ihnen gehört?’ entwickelten die englischen Mütter zu ihrem Baby das Fefühl der Zusammen‐gehörigkeit viel später in der postnatalen Periode.
Die Anzahl der untersuchten Personen war zu gering als dass Schlussfolgerungen oder eine Aufstellung der in Betracht kommenden Variablen hätten gemacht werden können.
RESUMEN
Observaciones sobre el comportamiento de tnadres ante el examen de sus lactantes
Un trabajo sobre el comportamiento observado en madres de orígenes étnicos distintos ante el examen de sus lactantes se hizo end os ‘Welfare Clinics’ (clínicas de salud infancil) en Londres.
Las madres venidas de las Antillas parecieron prestar menos atención al examen.
De las respuestas a la pregunta ‘Cuando sintío Vd. por primera vez que su niño le pertenecia?’ se vio que las madres ínglesas comenzaron mucho más tarde en el período postnatal a sentir que sus infantes les pertenecían.
El número de casos examinados fue demasiado pequeño para formular conclusiones firmes y para hacer una clasificación de los factores variables.
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