In recent years, wooden structures have been being gradually replaced by reinforced concrete and brick buildings. Although a conservation system has been established in Indonesia, specific conservation and repair guidelines for traditional wooden buildings have not been well-regulated. This paper takes the omo sebua as a research subject, aims to clarify the deterioration, deformation and their causes, and to propose guidelines for its conservation.The results of the deterioration and deformation investigation are as following: the maximum inclination of the short pillars is 5/100, and the most common inclination is 2/100. The significant sinkage of the foundation stones reaches 56 cm and the average sinkage is 20~30 cm. The maximum inclination of side pillars is 4/100, and the most common inclination is 2/100. Besides, the corruptions of the roof frame concentrate on the gable wall and termite damages can be seen in the whole building.Basing on the investigation result, our proposals are as following: 1) conduct a dismantling restoration; 2) recycle the used materials as much as possible to maintain the authenticity of the building; 3) use new materials that are the same as the original ones; 4) rethatch the roofing by sago palm leaf; 5) conduct a structural diagnose, reinforce the structure against an earthquake; 6) include electrical equipment and disaster management in a restoration.

Ecosystems in protected areas (PAs) are facing new challenges from light pollution. Timely assessment of light pollution in protected areas and exploration of its characteristics are positively valuable for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. As the province with the largest number of nature reserves and the richest biodiversity in China, Guangdong’s protected areas have faced more severe light pollution threats in recent years along with rapid urbanization. Hence, in this study, the temporal trends and spatial distribution of light pollution changes, the correlation between light pollution and human activities, and the sensitive distance induced by light pollution in PAs of Guangdong Province from 2000 to 2018 were analyzed based on nighttime light (NTL) remote sensing data, land-use data, and POI data. The results show that: (1) Overall, the light pollution within the PAs increased significantly in these years, with the mean value of NTL (MNTL) increasing from 8.04 to 15.21 nanoWatt/cm2/sr. The number of PAs affected by light pollution was 900 in 2018, accounting for 83% of the total. (2) From the perspective of spatial distribution, the PAs in the Pearl River Delta suffered from the highest intensity of light pollution. Specifically, the MNTL of PAs within the Pearl River Delta was 5.8 times and 2.8 times higher than that in northern Guangdong in 2000 and 2018, respectively. (3) There is a significant correlation between human activities and NTL in PAs within 100 km, and the most sensitive distance is within 40 km, especially the sensitivity within 20 km is much higher than that between 30–40 km. The findings of this study will provide a reference for the implementation of external lighting control and guidance measures to mitigate light pollution in protected areas in Guangdong Province.

This paper takes the British concession in Tianjin as an example, trying to clarify the historical and cultural values of the first parks. The first park, Victoria Park, was built as a memorial facility. It received many visitors including Chinese, with numerous outdoor concerts providing the citizens with great enjoyment. Although there were conflicts between the Chinese and British, objectively, it greatly improved Tianjin's landscape and provided a much healthier environment. The other parks in the British Extra Rural Extension were endowed with specific roles in creating an ideal city with light, air and spaces for recreation. The planning theories behind these parks pushed the modernizing process of Chinese cities. Besides, the parks brought new materials and new styles to Chinese traditional gardens, so they have high historical, cultural and academic value. Therefore, we suggest the government carry out a basic investigation and create a database of modern parks. The value of a park should be evaluated from both an urban planning aspect and the park itself. As for park conservation, the natural landform, spatial structure, visual organization, building, entrance space, wall, pavement, plants and relationship with its surroundings needs to be well evaluated.

Abstract:This paper aims to analyze how Japanese Black Pine and Cherry Blossom were imported and planted in Qingdao. It turns out that they were firstly imported to Qingdao by the German governors from Japan, and planted on the hills, along the coasts and in the parks. As Qingdao was occupied by Japan in 1914, the Black Pine and Cherry Blossom were planted more widely on the hills, parks and even courtyards. What should be emphasized is that they were not merely planted as ornamental trees, but also used to symbolize Japanese culture. The Cherry Blossoms planted along the entrance path of the Qingdao Shrine and the monument built for the dead soldiers were considered as the reproduction of Japan's traditional landscape in Qingdao. That is why when Japan was beaten in the Second World War, the Cherry Blossoms planted in Qingdao were widely cut down and replaced by Cedar. While compared to Cherry Blossom, most Black Pines were free of cut down disaster and is widely used in Qingdao nowadays.

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