Even in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era, the risk of developing SBM is 19 times higher among HIV-1-infected patients than among uninfected ones. It tends to present in severely immunosuppressed patients not previously vaccinated and off antiretroviral therapy, with a concomitant extrameningeal infection, bacteremia, and focal neurologic signs, and is caused by S. pneumoniae. SBM in HIV-1-infected patients carries a worse prognosis than in uninfected ones both in terms of lethality and sequelae.

Dabigatran (a direct thrombin inhibitor) and rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban (direct activated factor X inhibitors) are increasingly being used in clinical practice. Compared with vitamin K antagonists, they are more convenient, do not require laboratory monitoring, have limited drug and food interactions, and have fixed dosages suitable for most patients. But the shortcomings of these agents can jeopardize their efficacy and increase the risk of bleeding. Their future role in preventing and treating thromboembolic disease will depend on building clinical experience, but current evidence indicates that they are reasonable alternatives to vitamin K antagonists.

ESWT was superior to BoNT-A in the control of pain in patients with PF. Implications for Rehabilitation Plantar fasciitis is characterized by pain at the calcaneal origin of the plantar fascia, exacerbated by weight bearing after prolonged periods of rest. Although studies comparing extracorporeal shock wave therapy or botulinum toxin type A to placebo suggest a superiority of the first one, no reliable data exist about it. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy was superior to botulinum toxin type A in the control of pain in patients with PF.

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