Purpose The sensitivity of cytology after fine needle aspiration (FNA-cytology) in detecting medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is low. To overcome this problem, measuring calcitonin (CT) in washout fluid of FNA (FNA-CT) has been largely diffused and showed good performance. However, no evidence-based study exists comparing systematically the sensitivity of FNA-cytology and FNA-CT. This study aimed to systematically review the literature and collect data allowing a head-to-head comparison meta-analysis between FNA-cytology and FNA-CT in detecting MTC lesions. Methods The online databases of PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus were searched until June 2021. Original articles reporting the use of both FNA-cytology and FNA-CT in the same series of histologically proven MTC lesions were included They were extracted general features of each study, number of MTC lesions (nodule and neck lymph nodes), and true positive and false negatives of both FNA-cytology and FNA-CT. Results Six studies were included. The sensitivity of FNA-cytology varied from 20% to 86% with a pooled value of 54% (95% CI 35–73%) and significant heterogeneity. The sensitivity of FNA-CT was higher than 95% in almost all studies with a pooled value of 98% (95% CI 96–100%) without heterogeneity. The sensitivity of FNA-CT was significantly higher than that of FNA-cytology. Conclusions FNA-CT is significantly more sensitive than FNA-cytology in detecting MTC. Accordingly, FNA-CT represents the standard method to use in patients with suspicious MTC lesions, combined with cytology.

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Several methods have been used for the detection of ADRs, but they are difficult to apply at a national level. Spontaneous reporting is widely used but grossly underestimates the frequency of ADRs. The database methodology can be very useful to estimate ADRs frequency and to perform a simple characterization of ADRs nationwide.

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