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This paper presents an overview of the current state-of-the-art in scale modeling of liquefied natural gas sloshing in ship tanks. The numerous potentially significant scaling parameters are discussed in detail and laboratory test data illustrating the effects of the important scaling parameters are presented. In view of current knowledge, an indication of appropriate scaling criteria is presented and recommendations for additional research efforts are outlined.

The spectral density function S(k,w) associated with spontaneous turbulence in a current-driven plasma of medium density (ne = 1019−10220 m −3) is measured with the scattering of the radiation of a cw low-power CO2- laser (Pi≃2 W, li = 10.6 mm). Optical homodyne detection has been used. A remarkable result is that the level of fluctuations with wave vectors k∥B is close to thermal; B is the magnetic field for plasma confinement. The level of fluctuations with k⊥B is several orders of magnitude larger than the thermal level. The phase velocity of these fluctuations is equal to the ion-acoustic velocity. A power law spectrum of the form n̄e/ne∼w−2 has been found. It is consistent with the spectrum below 1 MHz as measured by optical probes.