El artículo analiza la historia del principio medioambiental de la sostenibilidad en culturas agrarias e industriales. Su ejemplo es Europa Central entre la época medieval y el siglo XXI. Después de la gran deforestación del siglo XII y de que se llegará al límite de la capacidad de carga en el siglo XIV, la cultura señorial-comunal europea instauró un modelo de sostenibilidad adecuado a un sistema socialmetabólico basado en la energía solar con los elementos de la descentralización en entidades locales, la anticipación del límite superior del sistema natural local, el control sistemático del consumo medioambiental y la optimización de la utilización de tierras escasas. Este sistema operó hasta la doble revolución ilustrada-industrial alrededor del año 1800. El sistema socialmetabólico del siglo XIX trató de existir sin sostenibilidad, pero este principio fue redescubierto en los años noventa.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic saw a steep increase in the number of rapidly published scientific studies, especially early in the pandemic. Some have suggested COVID-19 trial reporting is of lower quality than typical reports, but there is limited evidence for this in terms of primary outcome reporting. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of completely defined primary outcomes reported in registry entries, preprints, and journal articles, and to assess consistent primary outcome reporting between these sources. Methods This is a descriptive study of a cohort of registered interventional clinical trials for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19, drawn from the DIssemination of REgistered COVID-19 Clinical Trials (DIRECCT) study dataset. The main outcomes are: 1) Prevalence of complete primary outcome reporting; 2) Prevalence of consistent primary outcome reporting between registry entry and preprint as well as registry entry and journal article pairs. Results We analyzed 87 trials with 116 corresponding publications (87 registry entries, 53 preprints and 63 journal articles). All primary outcomes were completely defined in 47/87 (54%) registry entries, 31/53 (58%) preprints and 44/63 (70%) journal articles. All primary outcomes were consistently reported in 13/53 (25%) registry-preprint pairs and 27/63 (43%) registry-journal article pairs. No primary outcome was specified in 13/53 (25%) preprints and 8/63 (13%) journal articles. In this sample, complete primary outcome reporting occurred more frequently in trials with vs. without involvement of pharmaceutical companies (76% vs. 45%), and in RCTs vs. other study designs (68% vs. 49%). The same pattern was observed for consistent primary outcome reporting (with vs. without pharma: 56% vs. 12%, RCT vs. other: 43% vs. 22%). Conclusions In COVID-19 trials in the early phase of the pandemic, all primary outcomes were completely defined in 54%, 58%, and 70% of registry entries, preprints and journal articles, respectively. Only 25% of preprints and 43% of journal articles reported primary outcomes consistent with registry entries.

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The article explores a new area of action situated in between family and medicine at the beginning of human life from a sociological perspective. Empirical data is used to demonstrate how the knowledge of an unborn child’s malformation creates diff erent forms of uncertainty for medical professionals and parents, coining their social construction of the child. Lastly, these two specifi c ways of dealing with uncertainty are systematically characterised.

The concept of sustainability has a history. Between 1350 and 1800, sustainability was widespread in Central Europe as a structural principle in the local laws of the feudal lordships. Decentralised rural societies were restricted by the amount of renewable natural resources available to their local agricultural systems.The first part of the paper outlines the key elements of this concept of sustainability based on the land use system of the "Commons", or shared land. Traditionally, there was no "Tragedy of the Commons" as suggested by Hardin, but a local public law designed to prevent overuse of forests and pastures. The second part focuses on the consequences of supplantation of this traditional land use system by the modern concept of individualised property, which took place around 1800. This change involved the breakdown of the former local public environmental law. During the following one hundred fifty years, fossil energy use and infrastructure evolved in the absence of public environmental law. It is concluded that the sustainability concept was not invented in the latter half of the twentieth century but is a rediscovery of an old tradition of European legal history.