Skeletal muscle protein loss occurs during marrow transplantation despite total parenteral nutrition. To determine if muscle atrophy could be minimized with exercise therapy, 30 patients undergoing marrow transplantation for acute leukemia completed a prospective randomized trial to receive: (1) no therapy (controls), (2) physical therapy thrice weekly (PT3), or (3) physical therapy five times weekly (PT5). Patients were studied through 35 days posttransplant. Muscle protein status and turnover was assessed by weekly nitrogen balance, and creatinine and 3-methylhistidine excretion. Results favored a muscle protein-sparing effect of exercise, as a significant decrease in creatinine excretion in controls only suggested muscle protein loss associated with inactivity. Changes in arm muscle area correlated with energy, but not protein intake. Large individual variation, inadequate nutritional support and differences in admission arm muscle area may have clouded these results.

The miscibility of 1,3-dioleoylglycerol (DOG) with 1-stearoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (SOPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) dispersed in excess buffer was characterized by physical and enzymatic methods. Thermograms for all SOPC-DOG mixtures exhibit a transition at 5.3 degrees C. Above 0.25 mole fraction of DOG, metastability is observed; after the first scan, a second peak appears at 23.4 degrees C which corresponds to the chain melting of pure DOG. This suggests that a complex or preferred packing array is formed which has a DOG mole fraction of 0.25 (XC). Bilayer morphology is maintained in the metastable state up to 0.8 mole fraction of DOG. Above 0.8, a novel, nonlamellar phase is formed. Fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenylhexatriene shows that, relative to SOPC alone, there is little change in the order of the acyl chains up to Xc followed by a large decrease above Xc. Similar results were obtained using POPC. Miscibility was also studied in lipid films at the argon-buffer interface. Isothermal phase diagrams for the mixtures at 15 and 24 degrees C exhibited phosphatidylcholine-DOG complex formation, a region of phosphatidylcholine and complex coexistence, and a region of complex and DOG miscibility. The mole fractions of DOG in the complex (Xc) range from 0.24 to 0.27. Porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 and pancreatic lipase plus colipase were used as probes of the surface in both the monolayer and bilayer systems. In both systems and with both enzymes, substrate hydrolysis increased abruptly with increasing DOG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Oral vitamin B12 can provide an effective alternative to intramuscular injections, so giving patients a choice and reducing costs in primary care. This study investigated the effectiveness, safety, and acceptability of oral vitamin B12 as replacement therapy in patients with vitamin B12 deficiency in a city general practice population. Forty patients previously maintained on vitamin B12 injections were given 1000 µg of oral cyanocobalamin daily for up to 18 months. All the patients maintained satisfactory serum B12 levels and showed normal haematology and neurology. Compliance and acceptability was excellent. The time for a change in practice has indeed arrived. V itamin B12 is given intramuscularly in the UK despite the fact that oral vitamin B12 in sufficiently large doses is equally effective. Historically, this passive absorption mechanism provided the first treatment for pernicious anaemia.1 2 In the absence of an intact ileum or intrinsic factor, 1.2% of an oral dose of vitamin B12 will pass across the small bowel.3 4 The dose absorption ratio is remarkably constant in an oral dose range from 1 to 100 000 µg of hydroxocobalamin and adequate levels of serum vitamin B12 have resulted using oral doses above 500 µg daily.5-9 Reflecting this, most vitamin B12 replacement therapy is now given orally in Sweden 10 11 and in the USA it is becoming a more popular mode of treatment. Nursing time spent on intramuscular injections is costly-an assessment of the costs of administering injections of vitamin B12 made in 1997 to the 89 patients in our combined inner city practice of 19 000 suggested that substantial savings could be made with an oral preparation.12 An oral preparation of vitamin B12 (Cytacon 50 µg) is available in the UK but the NHS licence restricts its use to vitamin B12 deficiency of dietary origin and for vegans. PATIENTS AND METHODSThis was a prospective case series of 50 of the 108 eligible patients with vitamin B12 deficiency within the combined practice populations of 19 000 patients. Ten patients had pernicious anaemia as confirmed by a positive Schilling test and/or raised intrinsic factor antibody (as confirmed by the autozyme test for anti-intrinsic factor antibody). Nine of the patients had gastrointestinal surgery related vitamin B12 deficiency and the remainder were intrinsic factor negative. Exclusions were because of refusal, cognitive impairment, or acute illness. Patients were recruited to the study at the rate of two or three per week but the study ended on a specific date such that patients took study medication for variable periods of time. There were 17 males and 33 females with an age range of 31 to 90. Ethical approval was obtained from the East Birmingham Local Research and Ethics Committee. At study entry patients completed a medical history and received a physical examination with emphasis on cognition and the nervous system. Repeat medical histories were taken every six months. Physical examination was repeated in all patients at the end of the study and if the serum vitamin B1...