Objectives-To determine any long-term effects, 6 and 8 years after childhood enrollment, of the randomly assigned 14-month treatments in the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA; N=436); to test whether Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptom trajectory through 3-years predicts outcome in subsequent years; to examine functioning level of the MTA adolescents relative to their non-ADHD peers (Local Normative Comparison Group or LNCG; N=261).Method-Mixed effects regression models with planned contrasts at 6-and 8-years tested a wide range of symptom and impairment variables assessed by parent, teacher, and youth report.Results-In nearly every analysis, the originally randomized treatment groups did not differ significantly on repeated measures or newly-analyzed variables (e.g., grades earned in school, The other authors report no conflicts of interest. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Conclusions-Type or intensity of 14 months of treatment for ADHD in childhood (at age 7.0-9.9 years old) does not predict functioning six-to-eight years later. Rather, early ADHD symptom trajectory regardless of treatment type is prognostic. This finding implies that children with behavioral and sociodemographic advantage, with the best response to any treatment, will have the best longterm prognosis. As a group, however, despite initial symptom improvement during treatment that is largely maintained post-treatment, children with Combined-Type ADHD exhibit significant impairment in adolescence. Innovative treatment approaches targeting specific areas of adolescent impairment are needed. NIH Public Access Keywords ADHD; adolescence; clinical trial; longitudinalThe Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), abbreviated as MTA, compared four distinct treatment strategies during childhood for 579 children diagnosed with DSM-IV ADHD, Combined type. Children were randomly assigned to 14 months of (a) systematic medication management (MedMgt), which was initial placebo-controlled titration, thrice-daily dosing, seven days per week, and monthly 30-minute clinic visits, (b) multicomponent behavior therapy (Beh), which included 27-session group parent training supplemented with eight individual parent sessions, an 8-week summer treatment program, 12 weeks of classroom administered behavior therapy with a half-time aide and 10 teacher consultation sessions, (c) their combination (Comb), or (d) usual community care (CC).1 -2 This randomized, 6-site, controlled clinical trial, conducted in parallel at 6 performance sites, feat...

The Friendship Qualities Scale is a theoretically grounded, multidimensional measurement instrument to assess the quality of children's and early adolescents' relationships with their best friends according to five conceptually meaningful aspects of the friendship relation. These dimensions are companionship, conflict, help/aid, security and closeness. A confirmatory factor analysis, used to evaluate the factor structure of this instrument, demonstrated that these scales represented distinct, but related, domains of friendship. Assessments of reliability indicated the high level of internal consistency within each dimension. The validity of the scale was indicated by the observation of higher ratings for (a) mutual friends than for non-mutual friends, and (b) for stable friends than for non-stable friends. These findings are discussed according to the theoretical and practical issues related to the measurement of friendship quality.

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