The ant genus Cardiocondyla is characterized by a pronounced male diphenism with wingless fighter males and winged disperser males. Winged males have been lost convergently in at least two species-rich clades. Here, we describe the morphological variability of males of C. venustula from uThukela valley, South Africa. Winged males appear to be absent from this species. However, in addition to wingless ("ergatoid") males with widely fused thoracic sutures and without ocelli, "intermorphic" males exist that combine the typical morphology of wingless males with characteristics of winged males, e.g., more pronounced thoracic sutures, rudimentary ocelli, and vestigial wings. Similar "intermorphic" males have previously been described from one of several genetically distinct lineages of the Southeast Asian "C. kagutsuchi" complex .To determine whether male morphology is associated with distinct clades also in C. venustula, we sequenced a 631 bp fragment of mitochondrial DNA of workers from 13 colonies. We found six haplotypes with a sequence variation of up to 5.7%. Intermorphic and wingless males did not appear to be associated with a particular of these lineages and within colonies showed the same sequence.Interestingly, two colonies contained workers with different haplotypes, suggesting the occasional migration of queens and / or workers between colonies.Keywords Cardiocondyla venustula · male diphenism · ergatoid male · intracolony mtDNA variation 3

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