Rice, the main staple food for about half of the world’s population, has had the growth of its production stagnate in the last two decades. One of the ways to further improve rice production is to enhance the associations between rice plants and the microbiome that exists around, on, and inside the plant. This article reviews recent developments in understanding how microorganisms exert positive influences on plant growth, production, and health, focusing particularly on rice. A variety of microbial species and taxa reside in the rhizosphere and the phyllosphere of plants and also have multiple roles as symbiotic endophytes while living within plant tissues and even cells. They alter the morphology of host plants, enhance their growth, health, and yield, and reduce their vulnerability to biotic and abiotic stresses. The findings of both agronomic and molecular analysis show ways in which microorganisms regulate the growth, physiological traits, and molecular signaling within rice plants. However, many significant scientific questions remain to be resolved. Advancements in high-throughput multi-omics technologies can be used to elucidate mechanisms involved in microbial–rice plant associations. Prospectively, the use of microbial inoculants and associated approaches offers some new, cost-effective, and more eco-friendly practices for increasing rice production.

Research on the potential of macroscopic fungi in the forests of Indonesia as food and medicine still hasn't much been done. Until now, the biodiversity data of macroscopic fungi are destitute. On the other hand, we are faced with the rapid rate of decline of biodiversity both by natural processes and by human activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the species of edible mushroom in Kamojang Natural Reserves and Nature Park, Bandung-Garut Districts, West Java. The method used in this research were exploration method assisted with line transect and semi-structural interviews to people around Kamojang Nature Reserves and Nature Parks. The results of the study were obtained and analyzed descriptively. Thirty-five species of macroscopic fungi that categorized as edible mushroom were found in Kamojang Nature Reserves and Nature Parks, i.e. Armillaria sp.,

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Lima belas spesies jamur Agaricales di Cagar Alam dan Taman Wisata Alam Kamojang, Jawa Barat, koleksi Arko et al. (2017), memiliki beragam karakter morfologi. Jamur tersebut telah dianalisis hubungan kekerabatannya dengan taksonomi numerik. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu studi literatur dengan menganalisis data sekundernya menggunakan program SPSS 26.0. Hasil analisis menunjukkan adanya hubungan kekerabatan terdiri dari lima kelompok. Hubungan kekerabatan terdekat yaitu Marasmius sp. 1 dan Marasmius sp. 2 dengan nilai kemiripan sebesar 97,8%. Hubungan kekerabatan terjauh yaitu Armillaria sp. dan Schizophyllum commune dengan nilai kemiripan sebesar 39%. Karakter morfologi penentu hubungan kekerabatan ialah karakteristik lamela, tangkai, dan volva. Kata kunci -Agaricales -hubungan kekerabatan -Kamojang -karakter morfologi AbstractFifteen species of Agaricales mushrooms in Kamojang Nature Reserve and Nature Park, West Java, collected by Arko et al. (2017) have various morphological characteristics. They were analyzed its phenetic relationship by numerical taxonomy using SPSS 26.0. The results showed that the phenetic relationship was divided into five clusters. The closest phenetic relationship is Marasmius sp. 1 and Marasmius sp. 2 with a similarity value of 97.8%. The most distant phenetic relationship is Armillaria sp. and Schizophyllum commune with a similarity value of 39%. Morphological characters that determined this phenetic relationship is its lamellae, stipe, and volva. Keywords -Agaricales -Kamojang -morphological characteristics -phenetic relationship PendahuluanJamur yang termasuk ordo Agaricales memiliki struktur tubuh buah terdiri dari tudung (pileus) dengan bilah (gills/lamella) dan tangkai (stipe/stalk), terdapat pula cincin (annulus) dan volva, namun beberapa spesies jamur hanya memiliki salah satu cincin/volva