This study suggests that Hispanic youths with type 1 diabetes may be at greater risk for poor glycemic control because of their lower socioeconomic status rather than their ethnicity.

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In addition to frequency of consumption, a food frequency questionnaire may assess amount consumed, often by using food models, and the stability of diet. A food frequency interview directed at preformed vitamin A and beta-carotene was administered to 130 cases and 309 controls in an ongoing population-based case-control study of lung cancer in New Mexico. The questionnaire measured frequency, amount, and stability of consumption for 55 food items. Different combinations of responses to these three types of questions were used to calculate indices of total vitamin A consumption. The index based on frequency alone had the lowest value and increased significantly when amount was combined with frequency. Consideration of past consumption had relatively little effect on absolute and relative estimates of intake. Spearman rank order correlations between index pairs were high. These results suggest that the use of frequency alone is appropriate when the objective of data collection is to establish subjects' relative intake of specific nutrients.

Studies of diet's role in the etiology of rapidly fatal diseases may utilize data taken from surrogate sources. To assess such sources, 46 subject-spouse pairs were interviewed with a food frequency questionnaire designed to provide an index of vitamin A consumption. Information concerning amount and past pattern of use was also obtained. The frequency and amount information was used to calculate two aggregate indices of vitamin A consumption: one based on frequency alone and the other based on frequency and amount. For single foods, the mean frequencies of consumption reported by subjects and by their spouses for them were similar; for both sexes combined, the average level of exact agreement was 66 per cent, with improvement to 93 per cent for agreement within one category. Similar agreement was found for amount. For the overall daily vitamin A intake of men, the means based on subject data were not significantly different from those calculated from their wives' responses. For women, husbands underreported their total intake. Agreement between subject- and surrogate-based overall vitamin A consumption was less satisfactory than for the individual foods.