No abstract

Summary In 1974 and 1975 over 6000 secondary schoolchildren in an English county answered questionnaires on their smoking behaviour, social activities and attitudes towards various issues. An analysis of the 1974 replies of those children who were present in both years revealed certain factors which were associated with an increased risk of smoking in 1975. The most important factors were the extent of the children's involvement in social activities, the smoking behaviour of their parents, siblings and friends, and their own attitudes and beliefs about smoking. Analysis examining the relationships between these factors further helped to explain the development of smoking among schoolchildren.

Factors which may influence boys and girls aged between 10 and 121/2 years to start smoking were studied. Information was obtained from 491 schoolchildren, their parents, and headteachers. In their own view and that of their headteachers children who did not smoke were academically better than smokers. Children who smoked were more likely than non-smokers to have a parent and siblings of the same sex who smoked. No association was found between the child's own smoking and that of parents and siblings of the opposite sex. Smokers were more likely to have friends who smoked. Most children did not think smoking was enjoyable or desirable and many thought it bad for health, irrespective of their own smoking habits. The majority thought people of their own age smoked to show off.

Each year from 1974, when they entered secondary school, to 1978, when they reached school-leaving age, a cohort of over 6000 schoolchildren from Derbyshire, England, answered a questionnaire about their own and their family's smoking practices and their social activities. Their replies revealed a steady increase in the prevalence of smoking during adolescence. Those children who in 1974 smoked, had friends of the opposite sex, were highly involved in social activities, experienced peer pressure to smoke and rejected the health hazards of smoking were more likely to be regular smokers in 1978 than were other children. Similarly, those children who, when aged 11-12 years, had parents or siblings who smoked, had friends of the opposite sex, and were highly involved in social activities increased their smoking rapidly in subsequent years. Sex and social class differences in the strength of these associations suggest that an understanding of the development of smoking during adolescence requires knowledge of the particular character of the social relationships among different subgroups of that age-group and the various meanings of smoking to them.