The profiles of the under-50 travelers and the over-50 travelers differ clearly on a number of important dimensions and indicate that age can be used as a segmenting variable. Our findings indicate that for practical purposes the over-50 travelers have certain needs and expectations for vacation that could result in their responding to promotions, advertising, and travel packages that would be ignored by the under-50 group.
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationships of different types of corruption and selected economic measures that appear to contribute to a country’s sustainable economic development.
Design/methodology/approach
– The research used selected data from the World Economic Forum Executive Opinion Survey on corruption activities (Irregular Payments and Bribes, the Diversion of Public Funds, Organised Crime, and Favouritism in Decisions of Government Officials) and Ethical Behaviour of Firms. The economic data (FDI, GDP, GDP Growth and Capital Formation among others) is from the World Bank database. A series of statistical models were developed to examine the relationships among different types of corruption and a country’s economic development.
Findings
– The findings are mixed, showing that some types of corruption have greater negative impact on specific aspects of economic development.
Research limitations/implications
– The research is limited by the availability of data from reliable sources and the availability of data on a limited number of corruption activities. Only four aspects of corruption are examined in this paper. Only selected aspects of a country’s economy were examined. The variables analysed in the study were not available for each of the 179 countries.
Practical implications
– A country may learn the types of corrupting activities that must be controlled to aid in the targeted growth of specific economic development, such as Direct Foreign Investment.
Originality/value
– This study builds on previous work by Anderson (2012, 2013) that used Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index (CPI) as a global measure of corruption. This study, in contrast, uses the results of the World Economic Forum Executive Opinion Survey, to indicate the perceived level of different types (components) of corruption. By using more specific measure of corruption, there is a better understanding of the relationships between corruption and economic development.
Sustainability is one of the most complex composite constructs to have emerged in the last decade. Having a clear understanding of its meanings is critical as actions based on these understandings impact all walks of life. We track the conceptualizations and measurements of sustainable development in the areas of government, business, education, and the trades. We explore what stakeholders in these groups value in sustainability by observing where they develop initiatives, invest funds, and report progress. What emerges is a picture of diversity in how stakeholders view sustainable development, one of multiple identities, driven by distinct logics and motives. Based on these findings, we propose that, instead of reconciling these diverse perspectives, we might focus on constructing shared understandings around critical values.
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