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This study examines differences in initial and later depressive symptoms of 325 male prisoners based on three levels of custody and four levels of locus of control. Results extend previous findings concerning locus of control and prison-intake depression by including a measure of types of custody and later adjustment depression. Significant differences emerged for both groups with high internal and external locus of control orientations. The highly internal group was the least depressed at both testings. High externals showed a significant increase in reported depression after a period of adjustment to prison and were the only group with a significant reactive depression. There were no differences in depressive severity based on level of custody or its interaction with control orientation. Finally, depression scores that were initially at either extreme declined so that later, adjustment depression scores fell in the mild and moderate range.

While rural and urban residents offered very similar responses, the associations between attitudes and behaviors were different. One healthy and 2 unhealthy schema patterns emerged. First, fear of hospitals was associated with effective compliance for rural residents and good health habits for urbanites. Second, affordability concerns were ascribed to rural community residents but seemed to reflect personally relevant implicit attitudes since they were associated with poor health adherence and habits for rural residents. Third, mistrust of doctors predicted low adherence for both groups and was also associated with poorer health habits for urbanites. With inconsistencies among implicit and explicit attitudes and behaviors, some residents seemed to be ambivalent about seeking health care.

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This study addressed the influence of both mastery and performance goals of 144 women (M=21.8 yr.) exercising at a campus fitness center. Five goal patterns were compared: mastery alone, performance alone, both-low, mastery-performance, and, performance-mastery. These five patterns were compared in terms of optimism, social physique anxiety, and fitness as well as preferences for instructors' mastery, performance, or supportive responses. Those with dual motivational goals (mastery-performance and performance-mastery) preferred instructors to emphasize mastery and supportive responses, and they had higher fitness than the mastery or low groups. However, the performance-mastery group endorsed significantly lower optimism than all other groups. There were no group differences on the measure of anxiety about physique. Results support the importance of addressing both mastery and performance goals when seeking to understand and influence the attitudes of women who work out in a fitness center. Instructors would do best to emphasize autonomy and supportiveness and avoid comparisons among women exercisers.