WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS There have been few reviews and no meta-analyses assessing the effectiveness of fibrin and thrombin sealants in vascular and cardiac surgery. A qualitative review of fibrin sealants in vascular and cardiac surgery concluded that most studies on fibrin sealants in vascular and cardiac surgery showed a benefit on achieving homeostasis, yet individual study Results were not meta-analysed to allow effect estimation. There are still concerns regarding the adverse events associated with antigenicity of bovine thrombin or aprotinin used in the majority of commercially available fibrin sealants and the thrombogenicity associated with sealant use. This review explores the efficacy, as well as adverse effects, associated with newer and pre-existing fibrin sealants.Objective: In vascular and cardiac surgery, the ability to maintain haemostasis and seal haemorrhagic tissues is key. Fibrin and thrombin based sealants were introduced as a means to prevent or halt bleeding during surgery. Whether fibrin and thrombin sealants affect surgical outcomes is poorly established. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to examine the impact of fibrin or thrombin sealants on patient outcomes in vascular and cardiac surgery. Data sources: Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase, and MEDLINE, as well as trial registries, conference abstracts, and reference lists of included articles were searched from inception to December 2019. Review methods: Studies comparing the use of fibrin or thrombin sealant with either an active (other haemostatic methods) or standard surgical haemostatic control in vascular and cardiac surgery were searched for. The Cochrane risk of bias tool and the ROBINS-I tool (Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies e of Interventions) were used to assess the risk of bias of the included randomised and non-randomised studies; quality of evidence was assessed by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. Two reviewers screened studies, assessed risk of bias, and extracted data independently and in duplicate. Data from included trials were pooled using a random effects model. Results: Twenty-one studies (n ¼ 7 622 patients) were included: 13 randomised controlled trials (RCTs), five retrospective, and three prospective cohort studies. Meta-analysis of the RCTs showed a statistically significant decrease in the volume of blood lost (mean difference 120.7 mL, in favour of sealant use [95% confidence interval {CI} À150.6 e À90.7; p < .001], moderate quality). Time to haemostasis was also shown to be reduced in patients receiving sealant (mean difference À2.5 minutes [95% CI e4.0 e À1.1; p < .001], low quality). Post-operative blood transfusions, re-operation due to bleeding, and 30 day mortality were not significantly different for either RCTs or observational data. Conclusion:The use of fibrin and thrombin sealants confers a statistically significant but clinically small reduction in blood loss and time to haemostasis; it does not reduce blood transfusion. These Res...

Background: Behavioural counselling via internet-or mobile-based digital platforms is recommended for hypertension; however, outcome heterogeneity is problematic in trials of this digital intervention. Our objective was to assess how therapeutic outcome was optimized in digital trials for hypertension, according to key features of the intervention design and protocol. Methods: We identified randomized controlled digital trials for systolic blood pressure (SBP) reduction in taskforce guideline and policy statements, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published since 2010, by searching the EMBASE, Cochrane Library, psycINFO, and PubMed databases. This search was updated to January 2019. Trials included patients with elevated cardiovascular risk or cardiovascular disease. We classified digital trials by the number of components of the intervention, and whether the protocol was organized by an explicit model of behavioural change or counselling.

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