The effect of nZVI mass loading and groundwater velocity on the tetrachloroethylene (PCE) dechlorination rate and the hydrogen evolution rate for poly(maleic acid-co-olefin) (MW=12K) coated nZVI was examined. In batch reactors, the PCE reaction rate constant (3.7×10Lhrm) and hydrogen evolution rate constant (1.4 nanomolLhrm) were independent of nZVI concentration above 10g/L, but the PCE dechlorination rate decreased and the hydrogen evolution rate increased for nZVI concentration below 10g/L. The nonlinearity between nZVI mass loading and PCE dechlorination and H evolution was explained by differences in pH and E at each nZVI mass loading; PCE reactivity increased when solution E decreased, and the H evolution rate increased with decreasing pH. Thus, nZVI mass loading of <5g/L yields lower reactivity with PCE and lower efficiency of Fe° utilization than for higher nZVI mass loading. The PCE dechlorination rate increased with increasing pore-water velocity, suggesting that mass transfer limits the reaction at low porewater velocity. Overall, this work suggests that design of nZVI-based reactive barriers for groundwater treatment should consider the non-linear effects of both mass loading and flow velocity on performance and expected reactive lifetime.
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