Livestock predation by Asiatic lions Panthera leo persica in and around Gir Protected Area (Gir PA) in western India results in conflict with people and has important implications for the conservation of this species. A 5-year study was undertaken to document diet and predation patterns based on direct observations of radio-collared lions, opportunistically located carcasses and scat analysis. Magnitude of livestock predation was assessed based on interviews of resident pastoralists in 20 settlements. Lions made one kill in every 4 days and the diet primarily consisted of large prey. Wild prey, mainly chital Axis axis, represented 80% of the lion's diet within Gir PA based on scat analysis. Within the protected area, though lions predominantly consumed wild prey in proportion to their availability, they were yet responsible for majority of livestock loss to the resident communities. The proportion of wild and domestic animals killed by lions varied between seasons: significantly more wild ungulates were killed during summer when prey were concentrated around waterholes. Domestic animals were the major prey outside the protected area. Thus, despite high proportion of wild prey in the diet, lions still considerably depended on livestock. Our study defines focal areas of lion-human conflict and suggests better husbandry practices.

Asiatic lions Panthera leo persica, once confined to the 1,883 km2 Gir Protected Area in Gujarat, India, have in the past 2 decades colonized the adjacent Girnar forest, coastal scrub and agro-pastoral areas covering c. 10,000 km2. In May 2008 the Government of Gujarat declared 180 km2 of the sacred Girnar forests a Wildlife Sanctuary. We obtained data on location, age, gender and group composition of lions in Girnar Wildlife Sanctuary from opportunistic sightings during March–May 2008 and from systematic surveys in April 2008 (six surveys of 3–4 days each), totalling 81 lions on 40 occasions. Of the 81 sightings 43% were in the recruitment age group. Adult sex ratio was 0.87 males : 1 female. In the systematic survey we made 26 sightings of nine individuals, identified from their vibrissae patterns and permanent body markings, and used these for population estimation using a capture–recapture analysis. The population estimate using the best fit null model Mo was 10 ± SE 1.2 giving an adult lion density of 5.6 ± SE 0.7 per 100 km2. Population viability analysis emphasized the importance of immigrants for the persistence of this small population. One immigrant in 2 years reduced the probability of extinction by 16%. Conservation of the habitat matrix to the south-east of the Sanctuary, used as a corridor for movement between Girnar and Gir, by declaring it an eco-sensitive zone would facilitate the long-term survival of the Girnar lion population.

Introduction: Biceps brachii muscle is the double headed flexor muscle of anterior compartment of arm, showing most common anatomical variation. Objective: To study the morphological variation of biceps brachii muscle along with its innervations. Method: 42 upper extremities of 21 formalin fixed cadavers used during routine dissection in anatomy department of LMC were studied. Biceps brachii muscles were examined for their attachments, number of heads of origin, level of fusion of muscle bellies and innervations. Appropriate photographs were taken. Result: Out of 42 upper extremities of 21 cadavers third head of biceps brachii muscle was found in two right upper extremities (9.52%). One of the specimens had dual nerve supply from musculocutaneous and median nerve where as in another specimen third head was innervated only by musculocutaneous nerve. Conclusion: Knowledge of additional head of biceps brachii is important for surgery of the fracture of shaft of humerus.

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Conflict between animals and human beings arises when both the requirements and conduct of species adversely affects people or when the needs of species adversely impact humans. The cohabitation between humans or species evaluation was undertaken in the area of Bale Mountains National Park to investigate the environment, triggers, or reductions of human-wildlife conflicts. Community surveys, focused groups, interviews, field observations, or primary resources were used to acquire the data. Agro expansion (30%), urbanization (24%), vertebrate excessive grazing (14%), degradation (18%), unauthorized straw harvesting (10%), or hunting (4%) were the primary points of contention. Producers used guarding crops (34%), live fence (pursuing (14), scaring (22%), or flaming (5%) to combat agricultural robbers. Fencing (38%), pursuing (30%), scaring (24%) or monitoring (8%) were utilized as measures for management to safeguard livestock from hazardous creatures. Disputes between individuals and animals are harmful to both, as the research indicates. Determining an unambiguous border, drawing rules or regulations for executed local neighborhoods, formulating equitable gain expressing for the native neighborhoods.