Mannitol content of thirty five samples of marine brown algae consisting of eleven genera representing fifteen species from the coast of Saurashtra has been determined. Variations in mannitol content were observed among different genera of the seaweeds. The same species collected from different locations and at different periods also showed considerable variations.

Wheat is one of the most consumed foods in the world. Although it is extremely nutrient rich for us humans, some of us have great difficulties in completely digesting its protein subunits. This review aims to understand the onset of Celiac Disease and its association with several other auto-immune diseases. The gliadin molecule, undigested in the small intestine, over time, ruptures the villi lining of the intestinal wall and enters the bloodstream which in turn activates the body's immune response. In some patients with the presence of HLA DQ2/DQ8 genes, this immune response results in Celiac Disease. Notably, researchers over the past several decades have found several links between Celiac Disease and multiple auto-immune diseases. Diabetes is one such auto-immune disease which has shown multiple associations with Celiac Disease. Similarly, in this review paper, we are critically analyzing the association of Celiac Disease with some of the most common autoimmune diseases namely Type-1 Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis, Autism and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. In this paper, we have shown a clear correlation of celiac disease with several other auto-immune diseases. Further study is needed to understand the bidirectional association of Celiac Disease with different auto-immune diseases.

Ion‐exchange properties of five marine algal species, viz. Sargassum tenerrimum J. Ag., S. swartzii (Turner) C. Ag., Cystoseira indica (Thivy et Doshi) Mairh, Tur‐binaria conoides (Kuetz) and Padina pavonica (L) (Thivy et Taylor) have been studied and compared with those of alginic acid. The ion‐exchange property of these samples is found to be due mainly to their alginic acid and fucoidin content. Uptake of calcium ions from different solutions and pH titration studies have revealed that the ionogenic groups present in the samples are dissociated to the extent of 35–50% even in neutral media. When subjected to continuous use, the ion‐exchange capacity of the weeds at first decreases but attains a constant value after a few cycles. The rate of exchange (H+→Na+ and H+→Ca2+) on these samples has also been investigated. Distribution coefficients (Kd) of some of the metal ions for the said species have also been determined and the affinity sequence of the metal ions for each of the samples has been given. Na+→Ca2+ and Na+→Mg2+ exchange equilibria gave abnornal exchange isotherms. However the separation factor 7alpha;Ca2+ is found to be an exponential function of the concentration ratio of the Na+/Ca2+ in the solution.

In view of achieving the multi-product biorefinery model, this study strategically valorized the microalgal biomass for simultaneous production of two high-value products, lutein and phytol, along with value-added biochemicals such as protein, lipid, and carbohydrate by employing a systematic sequential extraction process. This sequential downstream process was carried out in two steps; first, the extraction of total pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoid) from the Chlorella variabilis biomass using methanol, followed by saponification and phase separation, resulted in simultaneous separation of lutein and phytol with a purity of 95.3 ± 1.2 and 94.4 ± 2.2%, respectively. Second, the depigmented biomass was sequentially valorized for the extraction of major biochemical compounds. In this step, three strategies, namely, I, IV, and VI, which were employed to extract protein (67.5 ± 0.7% recovery), lipid (76.4 ± 4.2% recovery), and carbohydrate (54.6 ± 0.8% recovery), respectively, as the primary product were found to be optimal in terms of their maximum recovery. Further, the impact of different sequential extraction methods on the composition of amino acids, sugars, and lipids was discussed and the suitability of the extracted biochemicals was critically examined for their application as aquaculture feed, bioethanol, and biodiesel production, respectively. This study also emphasizes the energy consumption by different unit operations that can be major energy sinks. Thus, this study presents an approach to developing an efficient biorefinery model, in which the commercially important products from microbial biomass are sequentially valorized to improve the asset value for the biorefinery industry.