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This paper presents an exhaustive study of modern methods used to purify water with the support of nanomaterials. For deriving maximum benefits from nanotechnology, the environmental sustainability of the nano-particles must be assessed. Nanoparticles possess useful characteristics contributing to water treatment and the removal of numerous pollutants. Materials such as zeolites, chitosan, MWCNT, nano-composites (Fe3O4 /TiO2 , GO/FeO·Fe2O3 , etc.), nano-oxides (ZnO, TiO2 , Al2O3 , Fe2O3 , Fe3O4 , etc.) and MOF (MOF-808, Cu-terephthalate, CoFe2O4 /MIL-100(Fe), UiO-66-NHC(S) NHMe, etc.) have been included in the study including their apparent functionality in treating contaminated water streams. Additionally, known methods to synthesize these nano particles from diverse sources have been studied. The review highlights the removal of pollutants (non-biodegradable, heavy metals, inorganics, and organics) by adsorption using photo nano adsorbents. Devoid of any recognized standards, the performance of the nanomaterials in wastewater treatment needs further research. With the further advancement of nano technology, ideological guidelines along with general cons and future challenges affecting humans and the ecosystem have been reported to provide further scope for research in this domain.

Advanced oxidation process (AOP) degrades a number of non-degradable organic compounds in low concentrations, saving time and energy. Benzoic acid and its derivatives are readily used in pharmacy, textile, and dyes industries. Through these applications, benzoin acid enters the ecosystem, which leads to its accumulation and various health hazards. In the present study, the degradation of Benzoic acid was studied using Iron nanoparticles as heterogeneous photocatalyst and hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent. This paper also discusses the synthesis of Fe nanoparticles via hydrothermal process at ordinary temperature and elevated temperature. The powder samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX). The percentage degradation of benzoic acid using goethite (α-FeOOH) and hematite (α-Fe2O3 ) was 49.02% and 90.90% with the nano concentrations of 0.07g and 0.05g, respectively using visible light, in addition, the hydrothermal model of nanoparticle synthesis proved affordable, efficient and eco-friendly.