The review will attract the interest of academics, researchers, students and pharmaceutical companies with regard to the recent on-going activities in neurodegenerative disorders.

Diabetes is a long-term (chronic), challenging lifestyle (metabolic) disorder in which the body cannot regulate the amount of sugar in the blood and majorly affecting endocrine system and metabolic functions. Its complications majorly affect the neurons (as developing neuropathy), kidney (as nephropathy), and eye (as retinopathy). Diabetes also results in other associated problems, such as diabetic foot ulcers, sexual dysfunction, heart diseases etc. In the traditional medicines, the search for effective hypoglycemic agents is a continuous and challenging approach. Plant-derived bioactives, including alkaloids, phenols, glycosides, anthocyanins, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, polysaccharides, and terpenes, have been established to target cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Numerous diabetic patients select the herbal or traditional medicine system as an alternative therapeutic approach along with the mainstream anti-diabetic drugs. However, due to restrictive hurdles related to solubility and bioavailability, the bioactive compound cannot deliver the requisite effect. In this review, information is presented concerning well researched phytoconstituents established as potential hypoglycemic agents for the prevention and treatment of diabetes and its associated disorders having restricted solubility and bioavailability related issues. This information can be further utilized in future to develop several value added formulation and nutraceutical products to achieve the desired safety and efficacy for the prevention and treatment of diabetes and its related diseases.

Ocuserts or ophthalmic inserts are "Sterile preparation in the form of solid or semisolid, whose size and shape are specially designed to be applied to the eyes". The most frequently used dosage forms (ophthalmic solutions and suspensions) are compromised in their effectiveness by several limitations, leading to poor ocular bioavailability. By utilization of the principles of the controlled release as embodied by ocular inserts offers an irritable approach to the problem of prolonging pre-corneal drug residence times. The controlled ocular drug delivery systems increased the efficiency of the drug by enhancing absorption increasing contact time of drug and by reducing drug wastage to the absorption site. Ocuserts were prepared using the solvent casting method. The article discusses about the various structure of the eye, its anatomy with an explanatory diagram. Also, various mechanisms of drug diffusion into an eye with special attention to biological/clinical performances, and potential applications and developments were discussed.

Objective: Insulin resistance is a common link between diabetes mellitus (DM) and dementia. The current work emphasizes the effect of linagliptin on dementia with its neuroprotective effects, which occur directly at the neuronal level, as GLP-1 receptors are exclusively expressed in neurons. background: Insulin resistance is common cause of two commonly occurring diseases i.e. Diabetes mellitus (DM) and dementia. Method: The objective of the study was to formulate linagliptin-loaded polymeric nanosuspension (LS) by nanoprecipitation method and further study their pharmaceutical, pharmacodynamics, scintigraphic, and neuroprotective effects following nose-to-brain delivery in the rat model of dementia. objective: The current work emphasizes the effect of linagliptin against dementia with its neuroprotective effects, which occurs directly at the neuronal levels as GLP-1 receptors are exclusively expressed in neurons. Results: Developed LS were spherical with z-average (250.7 nm), charge (-16.3 mV), % entrapment efficiency (95.8 ± 1.45 %), and % drug loading (35.78 ± 0.19 %). In-Vitro dissolution rate (88.56 ± 1.24 %) and ex vivo permeation (81.59 ± 1.06 %) of LS showed a better-sustained release profile than pure linagliptin. The spatial learning/memory in the treated group of Sprague–Dawley rats were significantly improved compared with those in the control group. method: The objective of the study was to formulate Linagliptin loaded polymeric nanosuspension (LS) by nanoprecipitation method and further studied their pharmaceutical, pharmacodynamics, scintigraphic and neuroprotective effects following nose-to-brain delivery in the rat model of dementia. Conclusion: Histopathological study of LS produced no toxicity or structural damage to the nasal mucosa. Optimum pharmaceutical characterization results improved pharmacodynamic studies/ histopathological data, and gamma-scintigraphic images proved that polymeric nanosuspensions stand out as well-appreciated approaches to deliver linagliptin more efficiently to the brain via intranasal route, thereby enhancing the neuroprotective efficacy in dementia. result: Developed LS were spherical with z-average (250.7 nm), charge (-16.3 mV), % entrapment efficiency (95.8 ± 1.45 %), and % drug loading (35.78 ± 0.19 %). In-Vitro dissolution rate (88.56 ± 1.24 %) and ex-vivo permeation (81.59 ± 1.06 %) of LS showed a better-sustained release profile than pure linagliptin. The spatial learning/memory of rats in the treated group significantly improved compared with those in the control group. Histopathological study of LS produced no toxicity or structural damage to nasal mucosa. . conclusion: Optimum pharmaceutical characterization results, improved pharmacodynamic studies/ histopathological data and gamma-scintigraphic images proved that polymeric nanosuspension stand out as well appreciated approach to deliver linagliptin more efficiently to the brain via intranasal route, thereby enhancing neuroprotective efficacy in dementia