Investigations were carried out during 2018-2019 to study the effect of different geographical locations of North-Western Himalayas on biology and predation efficiency of Andrallus spinidens thriving in different crop ecosystems. Present analysis showed that there was no siginicant difference in predation efficiency and biology of A. spinidens from different altitudes of five different locations. Incubation period of predatory bugs varied from 6.41 ± 0.09 to 6.77 ± 0.29 days. Total nymphal period varied from 16.33 ± 0.67 to 18.67 ± 0.88 days. Adult longevity of unmated male and female ranged from 12 ± 1 to 13.66 ± 1.86 and 17.32 ± 0.88 to 19.33 ± 0.67 days, respectively. Adult longevity of mated male and female ranged from 4.66 ± 0.33 to 9 ± 0.58 and 11.67 ± 0.88 to 15 ± 0.58 days, respectively. Survival rate of female predatory bugs was observed longer than unmated male predatory bugs. In their first nymphal instar, predatory bug feed on plant sap, while the second instar nymph prey on its laboratory host, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptea: Noctuidae). The predation efficiency of the adult male varied from 57.54 ± 1.48 to 63.50 ± 1.92 per cent, whereas, in adult females it varied from 64.58 to 67.58 ± 0.73 per cent. By comparing the predation efficiency of adult A. spinidens from all five geographical locations it was observed that female predatory bugs are better predators than male predatory bugs. The study showed that no significant differences were observed in the biology or predatory efficiency of A. spinidens when present in different climatic and geographical locations. This suggested that the predator has adapted itself in different climatic conditions by maintaining its biological attributes which enhance the success rate of its potential as predator on commercial level.

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Integration of advanced robotics in agriculture can exponentially boost productivity, alleviate labor shortages, reduce the environmental footprint, and increase the overall profitability of farming. Agricultural robots, often controlled by sophisticated algorithms and AI, offer precision farming capabilities that can enhance yield and quality, while minimizing waste and harmful impacts on the environment. They carry out numerous tasks such as sowing, watering, harvesting, and pest control, more efficiently than traditional methods. The usage of robotic systems enables 24/7 farming operations, overcoming the challenges posed by traditional human labor like working hours and physical exhaustion. The review also explores how this technology can help cater to the rising global food demand in a sustainable way, making it a promising solution to achieving food security in the face of increasing population pressures and climate change impacts. Despite the significant capital investment required for adopting these technologies, the potential long-term benefits, such as reduced operational costs and enhanced farm outputs, underscore their vital role in the future of farming and food production. Concluding that the integration of robotics in agriculture could bring about a revolution in farming practices, ushering in a future of enhanced productivity and sustainability in the sector.