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Cattle are cosmopolitan in distribution. They are economically and ecologically significant. The cattle menace on the urban streets of developing and underdeveloped countries is challenging. The number of road accidents is increasing rapidly over time, in the urban areas of most of the developing countries, like India. In the present study, we estimated the population of cattle wandering on the streets/roads/highways of Raipur city of India using the direct headcount method and advanced Photographic Capture-Recapture Method (PCRCM). We compared these two methods of population estimation to check their suitability and adequacy. We superimposed 163 grids (1.0 x 1.0 km each) on the map of Raipur city using Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) software. We randomly selected 20 grids for the estimation of the street cattle population. We used both line transect and block count sampling techniques under the direct headcount method. The estimates of visibly roaming cattle on the Raipur city streets were 11808.45 and 11198.30 using the former and the latter sampling techniques, respectively. Further, advanced PCRCM indicated an estimated 35149.61 and 34623.20 cattle using the line transect and block counting sampling techniques, respectively. We observed a female-biased sex ratio in both mature and immature cattle. The frequency of mature cattle was significantly higher than that of naive cattle, followed by the calf. Further, we noticed the frequency of cattle in a grid in the following order: cow > bull > heifer > immature male > female calf > male calf. We concluded that the estimated population of street cattle in Raipur city is about 35 thousand. The results of both the techniques, i.e., direct headcount method and PCRCM, are consistent for population estimation. The direct headcount method yields the number of cattle visibly roaming on the street at a particular time. In contrast, advanced PCRCM gives the total population of street cattle in the city. Active surveillance of the urban cattle population might be of critical importance for municipal and city planners. A better understanding of the urban cattle population might help mitigate the cattle menace on the street, eventually preventing cattle-human conflict and minimizing road accidents. The techniques adopted in this study will also help estimate the population of free-ranging dogs and other wildlife animals in any target location.

28Cattle (bovine species) are economically and ecologically very important and are 29 cosmopolitan in distribution. Increasing number of cattle on the urban streets of developing 30 and underdeveloped countries has become an unmanageable menace in recent time. 31 Consequently numbers of road accidents have increased in the urban areas of most of the 32 developing countries, like India. In the present study, we estimated the population of street 33 cattle wandering on the street/road/highway of Raipur city of India using direct head count 34 method and advanced Photographic Capture Recapture Method (PCRCM). We compared 35 these two scientific methods of population estimation to check their adequacy. We prepared 36 grid (1.0 x 1.0 km) on the map of Raipur city using Quantum Geographic Information System 37 (QGIS) software and randomly selected 20 grids for the estimation of street cattle population. 38 We used line transects and block count methods for data sampling. Results of direct head 39 count method indicated an estimation of 11808.45 cattle (using line transects sampling 40 method) and 11198.30 cattle (using block counting sampling method) visibly roaming on the 41 street of Raipur city. Further, advanced PCRCM indicated an estimation of 35149.61 cattle 42 using line transects sampling method and 34623.20 cattle using block counting sampling 43 method. We observed female biased sex ratio in both mature and immature cattle. Frequency 44 of mature cattle was significantly higher than that of immature cattle followed by calves. 45Further, the frequency of cattle in a grid was found in the following order: cow > bull > heifer 46 > immature male > female calve > male calve. We concluded that the estimated population of 47 street cattle in Raipur city is about 34623. Results of both the techniques, i.e., direct head 48 count method and PCRCM for population estimation are consistent. The direct head count 49 method yields the number of cattle visibly roaming on the street in a particular time; whereas 50 advanced PCRCM gives the total population of street cattle in the city. Results of this study 51 might be helpful in the management of street cattle menace in urban habitat and landscape. 53Man began to domesticate cattle about 10000-to 8000-year ago [1,2]. They used them as the 54 sources of milk and meat. Cattle are distributed worldwide and constitute the largest number 55 among the ungulates [3,4]. In the animal world, cattle form the maximum zoomass, i.e., 600 56 million metric tons [5]. 57 At the end of 2018, worldwide cattle population was about 996.36 million [3]. As per 58 worldwide cattle inventory 2018, India is the leading country with the largest number of 59 cattle (i.e., 305.00 million) in the world [4]. This figure was about 196.19 million during 2012 60 (19 th livestock census, 2012) that included 5.29 million stray (free roaming ownerless) cattle [6]. 61 Recently, 20 th livestock census of India (2019) was released and it showed that cattle 62 population is about 198.48 million that inclu...

Background: Vaccines used in national immunization programme are extremely safe and effective. Although, no vaccine is 100% safe and effective and adverse effects occurs. Process of immunization itself is potential source of adverse reactions. Knowledge and reporting of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) is very important for health care workers. Objective of this study is to assess knowledge about AEFI among health care workers.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among health care workers of primary health care centres of Raipur City. All the ANM, Staff Nurse and MPWs posted in all the primary health centers of Raipur city (C.G.)   were selected for the study. A pre designed pretested questionnaire was administered after taking verbal consent.  Data was collected, compiled and analyzed in MS excel.Results: A total 157 health care workers participated in study. Mean age of the participants was 36.4±8.8. More than 80% participants knew vaccine product and vaccine quality defect-related reaction as possible causes of AEFI. 87.3% knew about swelling as commonest AFEI. The 59.9% had knowledge about management of common AEFI. 99.3% Health care workers knew anaphylaxis as one of severe AEFI and 91.08% were aware that AEFI should be reported.Conclusions: Majority of study participants had knowledge about possible causes of AEFI, minor and serious AEFI.