Background The aim of this study was to apply texture analysis (TA) to cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of patients with grade C periodontitis for detection of non‐visible changes in the image. Methods TA was performed on CBCT scans of 34 patients with grade C periodontitis. Axial sections of CBCT were divided into three groups as follows: Group L (lesion) in which there is a furcal lesion with periodontal bone loss; Group I (intermediate) in which the border of the furcal lesion has normal characteristics; and Group C (control) in which the area is healthy. Eleven texture parameters were extracted from the region of interest. Mann‐Whitney U test was used to assess the differences in the texture between the three groups as follows: L versus I; L versus C, and I versus C. Results Statistically significant differences (P <0.05) were observed in almost all parameters in the intergroup analyses (i.e., L versus I and L versus C). However, statistical differences were smaller in groups I versus C in which only entropy of sum, entropy of difference, mean of sum, and variance of difference were statistically different (P < 0.05). Conclusion TA can potentially provide prognostic information to improve the diagnostic accuracy in the grading of the tissue around the furcal lesion, thus potentially accelerating the treatment decision‐making process.

This study aimed to investigate the olfactory fossa according to the Keros classification using cone beam computed tomography. This cross-sectional study analysed cone beam computed tomography images selected from a database belonging to a radiology centre. The scans of 174 healthy patients were analysed by using the Xoran software. Gender, age, and side were correlated with the Keros classification. The mean age of the 174 patients was 45.3 years. The most prevalent Keros classification was type II (65.52%), followed by type III (20.69%) and type I (13.79%). No significant differences were found between Keros classification and the variables age, right side (pvalue = 0.4620), and left side (pvalue = 0.5709). There were also no significant differences between gender and the variables right side (pvalue = 0.1421) and left side (pvalue = 0.2136). Based on these results, we suggest that cone beam computed tomography can be recommended for analysis of the anterior skull base. Keros type II was the most prevalent type in our sample.

Objective: to evaluate the prevalence of calcifications in the soft tissues of the cervical-facial region using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Material and Methods: two hundred and ten CBCT exames was analyzed by 01 examiner previously trained, with fild of view (FOV) of 16 x 13 cm and voxel of 0.25 mm, in ICAT Vision software (Imaging Science International, Hatfield, PA, USA) in coronal, axial and sagittal sections. The following calcifications were evaluated: tonsiloliths, sialolites, calcification of the styloid complex, calcified carotid atheromas, calcifications in laryngeal cartilages, calcified lymph nodes and osteoma cutis. The findings were tabulated according to the total of the sample, related to the gender, age group of the individuals. Results: Calcification of the styloid complex was the most frequent in the sample studied in both genres (39.04%), followed by the presence of tonsiloliths (19.52%), and calcified lymph nodes (6,67%). Conclusion: calcifications are frequent radiographic findings in CBCT and important for the diagnosis of some possible pathologies that do not present clinical symptoms.KEYWORDSCone-beam computed tomography; Prevalence; Soft tissue calcification.

This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between geometric parameters of furcation lesions -maximum area of lesion opening (MALO), angle formed between the roots (ABR), lesion volume (LV) and presence and height of infra-osseous defects (IOD) -and the success of therapy with enamel matrix derivative proteins (EMD) in patients with grade C periodontitis, using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: The study consisted of two groups of patients with grade C periodontitis: control (surgery) (n ¼ 17) and test (surgery þ EMD) (n ¼ 17). Images parameters on CBCT were recorded using OnDemand3D and ITK-SNAP software.Results: Pearson's correlation coefficient demonstrated that only IOD was statistically significant in the probing depth PD (P ¼ 0.01), with a moderate positive correlation (R ¼ 0.59). MALO was found to be statistically significant (P ¼ 0.03) in the test group (surgery þ EMD), with moderate negative correlation (R ¼ -0.5). Conclusion:The presence of infra-osseous defects and height were relevant in relation to the success of the type of treatment addressed in this study.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the volume of odontoid process of the second cervical vertebra on CBCT images can be used for sex estimation. Material and Methods: The volume of odontoid process on CBCT images of 138 subjects was measured. In addition, the patients were classified into five age groups. The comparisons between the groups in relation to sex and age were performed by using Mann-Whitney’s test and Kruskal-Wallis’ test, respectively. The ROC curve was used to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the volume to determine the sex.  Results: No statistically significant difference was observed between age and volume. Males had significantly larger volumes than females. Values of volume equal to or greater than 1.254 mm3 have sensitivity of 68.2% and specificity of 68.1% to determine male sex.  Conclusion: The volume of the odontoid process tends to be larger in males than in females and can be used as sex estimation. KEYWORDS Cone beam computed tomography; Diagnostic imaging; Sex determination processes; Image processing; Computer-assisted.