Perennial rivers and streams make a disproportionate contribution to global carbon (C)cycling. However, the contribution of intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams, which

Climate change and human pressures are changing the global distribution and the extent of intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES), which comprise half of the global river network area. IRES are characterized by periods of flow cessation, during which channel substrates accumulate and undergo physico‐chemical changes (preconditioning), and periods of flow resumption, when these substrates are rewetted and release pulses of dissolved nutrients and organic matter (OM). However, there are no estimates of the amounts and quality of leached substances, nor is there information on the underlying environmental constraints operating at the global scale. We experimentally simulated, under standard laboratory conditions, rewetting of leaves, riverbed sediments, and epilithic biofilms collected during the dry phase across 205 IRES from five major climate zones. We determined the amounts and qualitative characteristics of the leached nutrients and OM, and estimated their areal fluxes from riverbeds. In addition, we evaluated the variance in leachate characteristics in relation to selected environmental variables and substrate characteristics. We found that sediments, due to their large quantities within riverbeds, contribute most to the overall flux of dissolved substances during rewetting events (56%–98%), and that flux rates distinctly differ among climate zones. Dissolved organic carbon, phenolics, and nitrate contributed most to the areal fluxes. The largest amounts of leached substances were found in the continental climate zone, coinciding with the lowest potential bioavailability of the leached OM. The opposite pattern was found in the arid zone. Environmental variables expected to be modified under climate change (i.e. potential evapotranspiration, aridity, dry period duration, land use) were correlated with the amount of leached substances, with the strongest relationship found for sediments. These results show that the role of IRES should be accounted for in global biogeochemical cycles, especially because prevalence of IRES will increase due to increasing severity of drying events.

ABSTRACT. Diversity of fish assemblages in the four geographic units of the Paraíba do Sul river. Diversity patterns of fish assemblages along the four geographic units (upper, middle-upper, middle-lower and lower reaches) of the Paraíba do Sul river were studied aiming to assess spatial (geographic units) and seasonal (wet/dry periods) variations. Twenty-five sites were sampled between December 2002 and March 2003 (summer/wet) and, August to November 2003 (winter/dry). Fish were caught by a standardized effort, using gill nets, cast nets and mesh trays. A total of 81 species were recorded comprised in 9 orders, 29 families and 55 genera. Characiformes showed the highest number of species (28) followed by Siluriformes (23). Perciformes, mainly Tilapia rendalli and Geophagus brasiliensis, and Cyprinodontiformes, mainly Poecilia vivipara and Poecilia reticulata, were the most numerically abundant groups, while Siluriformes, mainly Hypostomus luetkeni, and Perciformes, mainly Geophagus brasiliensis showed the highest biomass. Poecilia vivipara was recorded only in dry period. Spatially, Hoplosternum littorale predominated in the middle-upper reaches, Pimelodus fur, Hypostomus luetkeni, Glanidium albescens in the middle-lower, and Loricariichtys spixii and Prochilodus lineatus, in the lower reach. Number of species and Margalef's richness showed an increase from the upper to the lower river reaches, mainly during the wet period. Species widely distributed along all over the river extent (G. brasiliensis, Oligosarcus hepsetus e P. reticulata) are opportunistic and can use the available resources despite poor environmental conditions, reflecting the state alteration of the river. Differentiation on the physiography throughout the longitudinal extent of the basin does not match shifts in fish assemblages, suggesting that factors associated to habitat alterations could be structuring fish community at local scale. KEYWORDS.Fish assemblages, spatial patterns, fish distribution, ichthyofauna, neotropical rivers. espécies e a riqueza de Margalef apresentaram um aumento do trecho superior para o inferior, principalmente durante o período de cheia. Espécies que apresentaram ampla distribuição ao longo do rio (G. brasiliensis, Oligosarcus hepsetus e P. reticulata) são consideradas oportunistas por se aproveitarem dos recursos disponíveis em ambientes pobres, refletindo o estado de alterações do rio. Diferenciações na fisiografia ao longo da extensão longitudinal da bacia não coincidiram com mudanças nas assembléias de peixes, sugerindo que fatores associados a alterações de hábitats poderiam estar estruturando a comunidade de peixes a nível local. PALAVRAS-CHAVE.Assembléias de peixes, padrões espaciais, distribuição de peixes, ictiofauna, rios neotropicais.O rio Paraíba do Sul é um dos mais utilizados sistemas lóticos do Brasil, por situar-se entre os maiores centros urbano-industriais do país, e tem sofrido alterações de origem antrópica ao longo dos últimos quatro séculos. A intensa urbanização e industrialização são os mai...

We analysed changes in the fish assemblage structure along a longitudinal gradient of the Paraíba do Sul River and Funil Reservoir. We tested the hypothesis that shifts from lotic to lentic environment affect the richness and structure of the assemblage which are modulated by seasonal rainfall changes. Standardised monthly samplings were carried out from October 2006 to September 2007 in four zones: 1) river upstream from the reservoir; 2) upper part of the reservoir; 3) lower part of the reservoir, and 4) river downstream from the reservoir. Fishes were caught using gillnets deployed for 15 hours. We collected a total of 4550 specimens, representing 35 species and 5 orders. The highest richness and diversity were recorded in zone 2, the transitional zone between river and reservoir. In this ecotone, lotic and lentic species overlap. Greater abundance and biomass was recorded in the river upstream from the reservoir (zone 1); however, there are no differences between the zones in the structure of assemblages during the wet season. During the dry season, the assemblage structure is more differentiated between zones, although no differences in abundance and biomass occur. The seasonal flow of the river is the major driving factor to influence the fish assemblage structure along the longitudinal gradient from the river to the reservoir.
Mudanças na estrutura da assembleia de peixes foram analisadas ao longo de um gradiente longitudinal do rio Paraíba do Sul e Reservatório do Funil. A hipótese testada foi a de que mudanças do ambiente lótico para o lêntico afetam a riqueza e a estrutura da assembleia de peixes que são moduladas pelas variações sazonais da pluviosidade. Coletas mensais padronizadas foram realizadas entre outubro de 2006 e setembro de 2007 em quatro zonas: 1) rio a montante do reservatório; 2) parte alta do reservatório; 3) parte baixa do reservatório, e 4) rio a jusante do reservatório. Os peixes foram capturados com redes de espera que ficaram em operação por 15 horas. Um total de 4.550 espécimes foi coletado, representando 35 espécies e 5 ordens. A maior riqueza e diversidade foram registradas na zona 2, a zona de transição entre rio e reservatório. Neste ecótono, espécies lóticas e lênticas se sobrepõem. Maior abundância e biomassa foram observadas no rio a montante do reservatório (zona 1), no entanto, não houve diferenças na estrutura da assembleia de peixes entre as zonas durante a estação chuvosa. Durante a estação seca, a estrutura da assembleia de peixes foi mais diferenciada entre as zonas, porém sem diferenças na abundância e biomassa. O fluxo sazonal do rio é o principal fator a influenciar a estrutura da assembleia de peixes ao longo do gradiente longitudinal rio-reservatório

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