Neonatal mortality rates in Indonesia are still at an alarming rate, with preterm birth as one of the causes. Nutritional deficiencies such as low level of vitamin D is suspected to be the risk factors of preterm birth but still a little knowledge about it. Vitamin D metabolism includes 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), as the inactive and active form, with the help of 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) enzyme. Our study aims to determine the differences of 25(OH)D3, 1,25(OH)2D3 and CYP27B1 enzyme in term and preterm birth. A cross-sectional study was performed in Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia, in January–June 2017. The blood sample was taken soon after delivery, to examine maternal 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 in serum and tissue placenta, as well as placental CYP27B1 enzyme. Statistical analysis using SPPS version 20 was used to find significances. There were a total of sixty subjects in this study, with term-preterm birth group ratio 1:1. We found that placental 25(OH)D3 was significantly low (P = 0⋅001), and CYP27B1/25(OH)D3 ratio was high in preterm birth. Also, there were significant negative correlations found in CYP27B1 level and both placental 25(OH)D3 (r 0⋅481, P < 0⋅001) and 1,25(OH)2D3 (r −0⋅365, P = 0⋅004) levels. Our study concludes that preterm birth showed lower placental 25(OH)D3 status, and higher CYP27B1/25(OH)D3 ratio compared to term pregnancy.

Contraception is essential in reproductive health service. Through proper contraception, various risks related to pregnancy and birth can be avoided. Long acting reversible contraception (LARC) is deemed as the most efficient contraceptive metod. However, it faces significant refusal among women worldwide. This study aimed to determine the reason of LARC refusal among reproductive age women. A scoping review was done using a guideline from Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) on studies performed on Asian developing countries. The results showed that a total of seven articles were analyzed. The most common reason for LARC refusal was the disagreement of husband or other family members. Prior knowledge of LARC might increase the acceptance of LARC. In conclusion, since the most common reason for LARC refusal was the disagreement of husband or other family members, education of LARC method on pregnant women, their spouses, and their families is essential to reduce that rate of LARC refusal.Keywords: contraception; long acting reversible contraception; refusal

Bayi baru lahir yang membutuhkan perawatan intensif biasanya dirawat di unit khusus yang disebut unit perawatan intensif neonatal (NICU). Selama 20 tahun terakhir, perawatan neonatal yang lebih baik telah meningkatkan tingkat kelangsungan hidup bayi berisiko tinggi ini. Bayi berisiko tinggi ini dirawat di NICU selama berhari-hari, berminggu-minggu, atau berbulan-bulan. Lama tinggal di rumah sakit mengakibatkan biaya rawat inap yang lebih tinggi dan biaya perawatan neonatal yang jauh lebih tinggi. Proses seleksi dilakukan dalam tiga tahap. Selama tahap pertama penulis mengumpulkan 168 artikel untuk mengidentifikasi artikel yang relevan. Penulis secara independen memfilter semua artikel untuk menentukan pengecualian artikel, dan kemudian menemukan 138 artikel setelah menghapus artikel duplikat. Pada fase kedua, artikel yang relevan diberi kode untuk mencerminkan abstrak (misalnya, studi, populasi, dan sampel). Selanjutnya, penulis memfilter studi teks lengkap dari 30 artikel yang tersisa untuk melakukan inklusi abstrak. Pada fase berikutnya, 11 artikel teks lengkap yang membahas efektifitas dan efisiensi di NICU dipilih untuk diulas secara lengkap. Ditemukan beberapa hal yang mempengaruhi efektivitas biaya di NICU meliputi usia kehamilan (sangat prematur, sangat prematur, sedang hingga akhir prematur, atau cukup bulan), peralatan (ventilasi mekanik, pompa infus, insersi vena umbilikalis yang dipandu USG, tambahan lembar reflektif dalam fototerapi), dan obat-obatan (pemberian surfaktan untuk bayi prematur dengan sindrom gangguan pernapasan, pemberian penambah kalori ASI dengan liquid human milk fortifier, opioid untuk terapi nyeri dan sedasi, dan transfusi darah). Ada beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi efektivitas biaya di NICU: usia kehamilan, penggunaan peralatan di NICU, dan obat-obatan yang diberikan.