Background: The world is not just fighting a pandemic of COVID-19, but also tackling infodemic due to the rampant spread of misinformation and rumor about COVID-19 across various online and printed media. Social media is an easy, quick, and cost-effective source of information but its contents are not regulated. Users also usually don't verify information on social media on authentic sites. So, misinformation spreads at a exponential rate. Intern doctors as young physician should have scientific knowledge of disease and not be misled by rumors. Also, health-related information shared by health professionals owes greater credibility to the public. This study aims to explore whether or not intern doctors are using social media rationally in regards to COVID-19. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, mixed-method study carried out among medical and dental interns of KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital. Data was collected with the help of a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire after pretesting. Two Focus group discussions were conducted to gain in- depth information. Findings: 65 % percent of the intern doctors most often used social media to gain information about COVID-19 out of which 87.1 % used Facebook more often.  Around 46 % just read the full title of news appearing in social media while only 32.9 % read the full text.  36 % share the news just by seeing the title. Nearly 35 % of intern doctors check the authenticity of information on social media by verifying it via experts or from authentic sources. Conclusion: Rational use of social media is a must to combat the epidemic of COVID 19. Health professionals including young doctors like interns should focus on scientific and evidence-based information and should use social media rationally both for acquisition and dissemination of information on COVID-19.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 pandemic has infected millions of people. Theconjunctival epithelium is easily exposed to infectious droplets and body fluids making eyes apotential route and reservoir of the infection. The CD147 and ACE2 receptor has been demonstratedin ocular surface cells, which implies that these cells may facilitate as a portal of entry for transmissionof Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Despite low viral load in tears and conjunctivalswab, the negative RT-PCR results cannot exclude the possibility of the presence of Severe AcuteRespiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in ocular secretions. Pathogens might be transported byconstant tear flow through the lacrimal duct system to the respiratory tract causing infection. Eyesare unlikely to be the main transmission route, however, their role in the transmission of SevereAcute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 cannot be overlooked. Therefore, proper eye protectionshould be instituted while attending Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 positiveindividuals, especially by health professionals.

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance is a global health problem. The widespread and improper antibiotics use is the leading cause of antimicrobial resistance. Bacterial co-infection in COVID-19 patients is the basis for the use of antibiotics in the management of COVID-19. COVID-19 pandemic has seriously impacted antibiotic stewardship and increased the global usage of antibiotics, worsening the antimicrobial resistance problem. The use of antibiotics among COVID-19 patients is high but there are limited studies in the context of Nepal. This study aimed to find out the prevalence of antibiotic use among hospitalised COVID-19 patients in a tertiary care centre. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on hospitalised COVID-19 patients from April 2021 to June 2021 in a tertiary care centre. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 2078/79/05). The hospital data were collected in the proforma by reviewing the patient’s medical records during the study period of 2 months. Convenience sampling was used. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated. Results: Among 106 hospitalised COVID-19 patients, the prevalence of antibiotic use was 104 (98.11%) (95.52-100, 95% Confidence Interval). About 74 (71.15%) of patients received multiple antibiotics. The most common classes of antibiotics used were cephalosporins, seen in 85 (81.73%) and macrolides, seen in 57 (54.81%) patients. Conclusions: The prevalence of antibiotic use among hospitalised COVID-19 patients was found to be higher when compared to other studies conducted in similar settings.

Introduction Emphysematous pyelonephritis is a rare, severe acute necrotizing infection characterized by the presence of gas within the renal parenchyma, collecting system, and perirenal tissue. It is an aggressive disease with high morbidity and mortality. Patients have female preponderance and commonly have uncontrolled diabetes. It is caused most commonly by Escherichia coli and very rarely by Candida species. Unlike others, candidal emphysematous pyelonephritis has an indistinctive presentation and diagnosed late, thus delaying prompt treatment. Case presentation A 35‐year‐old Type 2 diabetic woman developed pyelonephritis. Computerized tomography revealed the gas in the renal parenchyma, establishing the diagnosis. Cultures isolated Candida albicans as a causative organism. The patient was treated successfully with nephrectomy as initial medical therapy and percutaneous nephrostomy failed. Conclusion Rare causative agent should be suspected if clinical presentation is indistinctive and conservative management fails. Nephrectomy is still preferred in such patients.

Introduction: Each year, unsafe medical abortion costs the lives of thousands worldwide. Despite the legalization of abortion in Nepal in 2002, many still seek services from unauthorized sources. This has led to grave consequences including death. Our objective is to find out the prevalence of self-induced abortion by self-administration of abortive pills and related complications. Methods: It is a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out among abortion-related admissions in a tertiary care center from June 15 2018 to March 15, 2020. Ethical approval was taken from the institutional review committee (076/077/51). Data was collected using pre-designed proforma and analyzed in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. Results: Out of 223 cases enrolled, 37 (16.6%) (9.6-23.6 at 95% Confidence Interval) were self-induced abortion cases by self-administration of abortion pills. The mean gestational age at the time of intake of pills was 7+6±3+1 week of gestation. The majority were diagnosed with incomplete abortion 14 (37.8%) followed by septic abortion 8 (21.6%). A surgical evacuation was performed in 25 (67.6%). Anemia was observed in 19 (51.3%) with severe anemia in 4 (10.8%). Blood transfusion was carried out in 14 (37.8%). Post abortive contraception was accepted by only 16 (42.3%). Conclusions: Medical abortion is safe if done under supervision but self-induced abortion by self-administration of abortion pills has a high complication rate. Therefore, further studies exploring a different dimension of the serious issue is the need of time.