Sulphate is a part of sulphur compounds which potentially inhibit plant growth and microbial activities in receiving surface water. Thus, it is important to remove concentration of sulphate from wastewater to acceptable concentration before the water is released into aquatic system. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are good option of wastewater treatments due to their low-cost and eco-technology. This research aimed to investigate the removal of sulphate from domestic wastewater using sand media amendment with pumice in CWs. In this experiment, six variations of CWs consisting sand and pumice planted with lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) were established. Domestic wastewater was loaded into CWs with loading rate 2 L/day. Sulphate concentrations were determined in inflows and outflows. The results showed that all treatment significantly remove sulphate concentrations from the inflow. The highest removal efficiency was in the media with 100% of pumice.

An analysis production of kojic acid by endophytic fungi Aspergillus flavus from leaves of Annona squamosa has been undertaken using three different types of media including rice (Oryza sativa), sweet corn (Zea mays L.) and waxy corn (Zea mays ceritina). The fungi were extracted using ethyl acetate and quantitatively analyzed their content of kojic acid using HPLC. The intrapolation peak area of kojic acid’s content in each fungal medium to the regression equation of standard kojic acid resulted in the concentration of kojic acid in each extract 3.149% for rice media, 5.998% for sweet corn media and 2.226% for waxy corn media. Pure kojic acid from an extract of fungi grown on rice media was obtained from 90% DCM fraction by VLC fractionation. The structure was determined by means of NMR and HPLC analysis data.

The aims of this research are to determine the adsorbent properties, the effect of flow rate and ratio of adsorbent in lowering COD, turbidity, pH levels, and to determine the effect of flow rate interaction and adsorbent ratio in decreasing COD, turbidity and pH levels. This research was conducted with Completed Random Design (CRD) 23 consisting of 2 independent variables namely flow rate (0.2; 0.5; and 0,7 mL/s) and ratio of adsorbent (w/w) of clay : coral (1:1; 1:2; and 2:1) with 3 times replications. The result of the test of the adsorbent properties showed that the clay has hihger acidity and surface area then coral reef, and the coral content of coral reefs is 38.65 %. The flow rate and the ratio of adsorbent based on results of the study also reinforced by the ANOVA test give effect on the levels of COD and turbidity while the interaction of this two variables have an effect on the COD content. The best treatment based on Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was at 0.7 mL/s flow rate with a 1:1 adsorbent ratio. The multiple regression model for this study is Y =160.3 – 171.17X1 -188.83X2 + 31.67X1X2 + 146.67X12 + 66.67X22.

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