Low-frequency rTMS over the LE motor area can improve clinical measures of muscle spasticity and motor function. More studies are needed to clarify the changes underlying this improvement in spasticity. Implications for Rehabilitation Spasticity is a common disorder and one of the causes of long-term disability after stroke. Physical therapy modalities, oral medications, focal intervention and surgical procedures have been used for spasticity reduction. Beneficial effect of the repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for post-stroke upper extremity spasticity reduction and motor function improvement was demonstrated in previous studies. This study shows amelioration of lower extremity spasticity and motor function improvement after five daily sessions of inhibitory rTMS to the unaffected brain hemisphere which lasted for at least 1 week following the intervention.

Abstract-Patients with type 2 diabetic neuropathy (DN) are at an increased risk of falls due to the decreased accurate proprioceptive feedbacks. Effective balance training should treat context-specific instabilities of postural control of patients with DN. For this purpose, evaluations and balance training were designed with a 3-week baseline with evaluation after 3 weeks, followed by training over 3 weeks with reevaluation. We acquired control scores for standing balance from the Biodex stability system and fluctuations of the center of pressure. We performed repeated measure analysis of variance to test mean differences in three sessions of assessments. In addition, we compared mean differences of each pair of sessions with the least significant difference test. We used the paired t-test to compare the pure effects of trainings. Our investigation showed that the results of Biodex stability scores and force platform medial-lateral sway measurements improved statistically. Significant higher open-eyes median and mean frequency values of postural sway in the medial-lateral direction indicated that balance training allowed patients to develop control over the degree of freedom at the hip joint. In conclusion, training that compensates for disordered balance indicated by subclinical constraints with respect to the guidance effect of external visual feedback improves standing postural control in patients with type 2 DN.Clinical Trial Registration: Clinical Trial Registration: UMIN-CTR Search Clinical Trials, UMIN000004485, "Dynamic stability training can promote quiet standing control in neuropathic patients with type 2 diabetes"; http:// www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm.

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of wearing an insole with toe separator and night splint on hallux valgus and intermetatarsal angles and also on the intensity of pain in patients suffering from painful hallux valgus deformity. Subjects in this study consisted of 30 female patients aged 19 -45 years (mean 27.83 + 8.91) who were divided into two groups. The first group received the insole and toe separator and the second group received night splint. Hallux valgus angle and intermetatarsal angle were radiographically measured before and after a 3-month study period. Foot pain intensity was assessed by 10 cm Visual Analogue Scale before and after intervention. After statistical analysis the reduction of pain was significant in the first group (p 5 0.05) whereas in the second group no significant difference was obtained. The hallux valgus angle and intermetatarsal angle decreased in both groups; however, the reduction was not significant. According to the results of this study, using night splint seems to have no effect on painful hallux valgus deformity. On the other hand, although the insole with toe separator significantly decreased the pain intensity in these patients and was a good option for pain reduction, it was not effective in improvement of the great toe angles.

Subjective tinnitus is an auditory phantom sensation characterized by the perception of sound in the absence of an identifiable external source. This distressing audiological symptom can severely affect the quality of life. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive technique that can induce short-term relief in tinnitus in some patients. The purpose of this pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial was to investigate whether repeated application of anodal tDCS over left temporoparietal area could induce long-lasting relief in patients with chronic tinnitus. Twenty-two patients with chronic tinnitus for at least 6 months were randomly allocated into two groups and received five sessions of anodal (N = 11) or sham (N = 11) stimulation in five consecutive days. A current intensity of 2 mA for 20 min was used for anodal stimulation. Outcomes were assessed using Persian version of tinnitus handicap inventory (THI), loudness and distress visual analog scale (VAS) scores and clinical global impression (CGI) scale. The trial is registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) with the reference ID of IRCT2014082018871N1. No statistically significant difference was found between anodal and sham stimulation regarding either immediate or long-lasting effects over the 2 weeks follow-up period. Deterioration of symptoms and alteration in tinnitus characteristics were reported by a few patients. There were no significant long-term beneficial effects following tDCS of the left temporoparietal area.