IntroductionPrimary education is the largest public enterprise in Turkey, employing 484,161 teachers who instruct over 10 million children in 344,710 classrooms and 31,176 schools (1).School health programs are inclusive of the location and layout of the school, school building construction features, status, materials used, infrastructure facilities, plumbing safety, indoor air quality and water quality levels, toilets, playing areas, heating and lighting levels, service hygiene, and prevention of bio-geo-physicochemical pollution in the schools (2,3). A healthy and safe school environment encompasses the physical surroundings and the psychosocial, learning, and health-promoting environment of the school (4).These programs should include the health assessment of the students and school staff, developing, achieving, and maintaining a healthy school life for not only students, but also for school staff (5). They target the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being of students, teachers, and the other staff in schools (6).Air pollution is formed by a complex mixture of many pollutants. The potential health risks of air pollution vary depending on the content of this mixture, the amount and the hours of the occurrence, and the day or time of year. However, in recent years, due to the cost of energy, building designs allow less air exchange, and both the chemicals used in the construction of household goods and furniture in homes and schools and the microbiological and allergic organisms in indoor environments have become more threatening (7). In particular, children, who spend 80% to 90% of their time in indoor environments such as home, child care, school, or after-school care, constitute a risk group in this sense (8). Despite the large population and concerns regarding poor indoor air quality (IAQ), systematic assessments of IAQ and health and comfort issues have rarely been undertaken in schools (9).Preschool and school-aged children often spend significant periods of time in school settings. These settings are often the first significant indoor exposure for the children to a physical environment different from the home (10). Exposure may be especially likely in portable classrooms containing composite wood products (e.g., Aim: To increase the awareness of environmental risk factors by determining the indoor air quality status of primary schools. Materials and methods:Indoor air quality parameters in 172 classrooms of 31 primary schools in Keçiören, Ankara, were examined for the purpose of assessing the levels of air pollutants (CO, CO 2 , SO 2 , NO 2 , and formaldehyde) within primary schools.Results: Schools near heavy traffic had a statistically significant mean average of CO and SO 2 (P < 0.05). The classrooms that had more than 35 students had higher and statistically significant averages of CO 2 , SO 2 , NO 2 , and formaldehyde compared to classrooms that had fewer than 35 students (P < 0.05). Of all classrooms, 29% had 100 CFU/100 mL and higher concentrations of microorganisms, which were n...

Aim: This study was performed with the objective to determine the levels of some physical hazards in primary schools. Material and Methods:This study is a cross-sectional field survey. In this study which was conducted in 31 primary schools selected by appropriate sampling from the district of Keçiören of the province of Ankara, measurements related with temperature, light, electromagnetic field (EMF) and noise levels were done at hundreds of points. Approval was obtained from Gülhane Military Medical Faculty Ethics Committee (2007/97).Results: Only 47.1% of the classes had a temperature value within the recommended limits (20-21ºC). It was found that the illumination levels in 96.8% of the schools were above the standard values. However, the levels of illumination were found to be statistically significantly decreased towards the door and the back line (p<0.05). It was found that electromagnetic field levels were significantly higher in the schools who had a source of electromagnetic field nearby compared to the schools who did not have such a source nearby (p<0.001). It was found that the electromagnetic field levels in computer classes were statistically significantly higher compared to the other classes (p<0.001). Noise levels were found to be statistically significantly higher in classes which had 35 and more students (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in schools near intensive vehicle traffic in terms of noise levels (62.8±5.0 (n=72), 62.0±6.4 (n=79), respectively, p>0.05). Conclusions:It was found that primary schools in the region of Keçiören had aspects which had to be improved in terms of building age, building location, brightness, electromagnetic field and noise levels. School health programs directed to improve negative enviromental factors should be developed. (Türk Ped Arş 2014; 49: 217-23)

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Background: Although procurement of innovation is an established policy tool used to stimulate collaboration between supply- and demand-side entities during the development of new technologies, there is little scientific literature describing the process as applied in health care settings. Furthermore, what literature exists contains inconsistencies of terms, definitions, and/or concepts related to procurement of innovation. This protocol details our process for a systematic scoping review to describe the current scope of literature and to provide terminology clarification. Methods: A search strategy will be used to search PubMed, EMBASE [OVID], CINAHL [EBSCO], PsycINFO [ProQUEST], ABI/INFORM, ISI Web of Knowledge, EBSCO, JSTOR, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Google Scholar; grey literature, non-scientific reports, policy documents and expert recommendations will also be considered as additional sources for texts. Two researchers will screen titles and abstracts for inclusion/exclusion criteria, followed by full texts. We will extract the following data, if applicable: title, authors, date, author affiliations, country, journal/publication characteristics, setting, aims/purpose, methodology, sample characteristics, assessment/evaluation tools, outcome parameters, key findings, relevance, and terminology usage/definitions. Results will be presented narratively and visually. Discussion: This paper describes the steps of our proposed systematic scoping review to identify and analyse scientific and non-scientific literature related to procurement of innovation and/or innovation of procurement in health care settings, with a particular focus on digital health technologies. Results are intended to demonstrate the current scope of literature, to provide clarity in language and therefore to serve as a first step for further research in this growing field.