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Recycling of e-waste (waste electrical and electronic equipment) represents an important abatement of pressure on the environment, but recycling rates are still low. This study builds on common environmental economics approaches to identify the main driving forces of the e-waste recycling rate. The environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis was applied in the context of the STIRPAT (stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence and technology) model to analyze data from 30 European countries over the period 2008–2018. Panel quantile regression was conducted to determine the relationship between e-waste recycling rate and economic growth, population, population density, energy intensity, energy efficiency, credit to private sector and e-waste collected. Strong evidence was found that the relationship between economic growth and e-waste recycling rate is an N-shaped curve, i.e., the e-waste recycling rate first increases with economic growth, then decreases in maturing economies and in mature economies starts increasing again as the economy continues to grow. In addition to the economic development stage of a country, e-waste collection was identified as an important determinant of the e-waste recycling rate, regardless of whether the already achieved recycling rate was low, medium or high. In all models, a rise of the collected e-waste quantity was linked to an increase in the recycling rate. Therefore, expanding e-waste collection represents a priority task for policy makers to achieve high e-waste recycling rates. Population, energy intensity and credit to private sector also had an impact and in tendency displayed a negative effect on the e-waste recycling rate; however, the impact of these variables was more relevant for countries with particularly low e-waste recycling rates.

This article examines the impact of nominal effective exchange rate on real effective exchange rate in Algeria, using autoregressive distributed lag bounds test approach with monthly time series data from 2008 to 2017. Empirical results suggest that the nominal devaluation leads to real devaluation not only in the long run but also in the short run in Algeria for both devaluations. But all coefficients estimated for the second devaluation are low compared to the first devaluation. Our analysis shows that reducing the import through devaluation of the dinar led to a significant increase in import prices. However, the present study shows that taking into account all of the structural problems of the Algerian economy, the devaluation of the dinar may lead to more severe inflation than anticipated by the Algerian government.