Michael (1985) distinguished between two kinds of verbal behavior which he identified as selection-based (SB) and topography-based (TB). Research has shown substantial differences between the two types of verbal behavior for nonverbal participants, but little differences has been found with highly verbal participants. This study arranged for highly verbal participants (college students) to engage in a SB task while "talking aloud," one of Ericsson & Simon's (1993) techniques for conducting protocol analyses. The transcripts of these sessions were analyzed in terms of Skinner's (1957) elementary verbal operants. Very consistent types of statements were found to precede correct selections in the SB task. This finding lends support to the possibility that some SB conditional discriminations, and related emergent equivalence relations, are mediated by TB vocal responding when using highly verbal participants. These data also account for some of the differences observed in the SB and TB research.Two different types of verbal behavior have been identified by Michael (1985) as selection-based (SB) and topography-based (TB). Selection-based verbal behavior consists in pointing toward, touching, or in some way identifying a verbal stimulus, for example a symbol or picture on a communication board (McDonald & Schultz, 1973), or selecting a picture card from a stack as is used in the Picture-exchange communication system (Bondy & Frost, 1993 research with apes (Savage-Rumbaugh, 1984) and is currently used extensively as a form of augmentative communication for developmentally disabled individuals with very defective vocal behavior (Shafer, 1993). A developmentally disabled child naming something (a tact) or requesting something (a mand) by pointing to the appropriate symbol on her communication board is an example of SB verbal behavior.In SB verbal behavior, the stimulus and response each involve two components. The stimulus involves (1) a sample stimulus or establishing operation (the mand), that affects the responder in such a way as to (2) increase the evocative control of one of the choice stimuli over the pointing or indicating response. Such a situation is often called a conditional discrimination (Sidman, 1994): the stimulus pointed to is conditional upon what is being named or asked for. The response in SB verbal behavior involves (1) scanning the stimulus array, then (2) emitting the pointing response to the appropriate choice stimulus.41

Selection-based (SB) verbal behavior, in most general terms, consists of selecting stimuli from an array, which presumably has some effect on a listener. Topography-based (TB) verbal behavior consists of responses with unique topographies (e.g. speaking, signing, writing) which is also presumed to have some effect on a listener. This article reviews research examining the nature of these two types of verbal behavior. Overall, TB verbal behavior appears to be more easily acquired and may also function to mediate some SB verbal behavior.Researchers are in the process of clarifying the differences between selection-based and topography-based verbal behavior, as initially specified by Michael (1985) and expanded on by Cresson (1994) and Stratton (1992). The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of these differences, then summarize the research which has been conducted in this area.Topography-based (TB) verbal behavior consists of making a response with a unique form or topography (e.g., saying "What time is it?" or manually signing the same). The resulting stimulus from such a behavior presumably affects the listener in an appropriate manner. Common examples of topography-based verbal behavior include speaking, signing (as with the sign language of the deaf), and writing.Contrast this with selection-based (SB) verbal behavior, which consists of pointing to a stimulus, or series of stimuli, arranged in an array. The listener, watching which stimuli are pointed to, responds in an This review was part of the first author's dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of a Doctor of Philosophy degree at Western Michigan University.

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Model-Based Design with automatic code generation is an important and established technology for developing aerospace embedded control systems. Early verification, validation, and test of models and generated code using software tools with accompanying workflows are increasingly used. In 2009, The MathWorks released tool qualification kits for verification tools based on the commercial aviation software standard DO-178B. The use of Model-Based Design for DO-178B applications using qualified verification tools is described herein.