The relevance of intra-household division of labor for overall household wellbeing is common knowledge, especially among development practitioners from the developing world. While division of labor acquired a newer impetus as a consequence of a strong and emerging gender narrative a few decades ago, its momentum seems to have been torpedoed by the comfort of gender mainstreaming; reducing the role of gender analyses in agricultural extension and sustainable development initiatives. We briefly revisit the gender evolution, and empirically apply Caroline Moser’s triple roles framework in order to rekindle the role of gender analyses in understanding and promoting targeted extension services and sustainable development. A cross sectional, empirical survey was carried out in the North West region of Cameroon from 7-30 October 2014. Two rural and urban divisions were purposively selected. One division had difficult road access, while the other was fairly accessible. Eight villages (four rural and four urban ones) were randomly selected from both divisions. Gender analyses using Moser’s triple roles framework were carried out separately in all villages, with groups of 30-35 self-selected men and women, facilitated by trained enumerators; and complemented with focused group discussions and key informant interviews. Wide differences between the productive, reproductive and socio-cultural roles in rural and urban communities were unveiled; with even stronger differences between men and women based on gendered results. As expected, more women were engaged in reproductive activities than men, irrespective of setting. Strong bias against women evident in the gender literature was not reported. The results emphasize the implications of regular gender analyses for development effectiveness. There is need for consistent gender analysis as prelude to improving agricultural extension initiatives, achieving gender balanced sustainable development of rural and urban areas in developing countries and upgrading development effectiveness. Context-specific aspects should be considered in informing gender based development actions and policy.

This study aims at examining the role of informal institutional characteristics on youth involvement in agribusiness entrepreneurship activities in the Fako division of the South West Region of Cameroon. Data were collected with the use of a self-administered questionnaire. Questionnaires were administered using a stratified sampling technique. The target population was youths between the age of 18 to 35 years old who are involved in any agribusiness-related activity for commercial purposes. Questionnaires were administered to a sample of 500 youths but only 451 of the questionnaires were returned without any error. We adopted a partial least square structural equation modeling technique (PLS-SEM) using SamrtPLS4.0. The findings revealed that the custom of the Fako people has a positive relationship with youth involvement in agribusiness entrepreneurship activities in the Fako division (β = 0.230, p < 0.000). However, the attitude of youths toward agricultural-related activities has a negative relationship with youths’ involvement in agribusiness entrepreneurship in the Fako division (β= –0.025, p < 0.560). Meanwhile, land tenure norms/fragmentation have a positive relationship with youths’ involvement in agribusiness entrepreneurship (β = 0.301, p < 0.,000), and traditional non-working days show a positive relationship with youths’ involvement in agribusiness entrepreneurship in Fako (β=0.274, p < 0.000).Serious attention should be given to influencing the attitude of youths toward agribusiness-related activities through sensitization programs such as organizing special agropastoral shows only for young people and other radio and TV programs.

In Cameroon, rural-urban migration is widespread. This paper, therefore, aimed to verify the influence of rural-urban migration on food insecurity in Cameroon. This study makes use of quantitative research design precisely a survey design in which it helps the researcher in gaining insight of the subject matter and familiarity for later investigation using the Cameroon household consumption surveys (ECAM 4, 2014). The dataset has distinctive information on rural-urban migration which was exploited for the composition of a food Insecurity index was also constructed using six indicators; being unable to eat three square meals a day, unable to eat series and tuber every day, unable to eat vegetables every day, unable to eat meat and fish every day, eat good meals only on feast days and unsatisfied with household minimum food needs. The control function approach was used to estimate rural-urban migration and food insecurity. Findings from the empirical indicates that rural-urban migration has a negative. The results also reveal a negative significant relationship between farm investment and food Insecurity in Cameroon. As a result of these findings, it is recommended that there should be an all-inclusive agricultural programme by the government that will engage the farming population to discourage them from further migration from the rural communities.