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Protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) are considered a potential and more efficient upgrade to conventional solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). This is predominantly due to their capacity to operate efficiently at low and intermediate temperatures and their quality of nonfuel dilution at the anode during operation. This review presents a detailed exposition of the material development strategies for the major components of PCFCs (i.e., electrolyte, cathode, and anode) and how they differ from the traditional SOFCs. Credible science backed recommendations for the synthesis and fabrication of PCFCs materials are discussed. In the end, the opportunities, challenges, and future directions for P-SOFCs are buttressed.

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Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), using petroleum ether as the solvent, was systematically applied to extract main macamides and macaenes from Maca hypocotyls. Extraction yield was related with four variables, including ratio of solution to solid, extraction temperature, extraction time, and extraction power. On the basis of response surface methodology (RSM), the optimal conditions were determined to be the ratio of solution to solid as 10:1 (mL/g), the extraction temperature of 40 °C, the extraction time of 30 min, and the extraction power of 200 W. Based on the optimal extraction method of UAE, the total contents of ten main macamides and two main macaenes of Maca cultivated in twenty different areas of Tibet were analyzed by HPLC and UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS. This study indicated that UAE was able to effectively extract macamides alkaloids from Maca hypocotyls. Quantitative analysis showed that geographical origins, not ecotypes, played a more important role on the accumulation of active macamides in Maca.