Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction, HPLC and UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS Analysis of Main Macamides and Macaenes from Maca (Cultivars of Lepidium meyenii Walp)

Abstract

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), using petroleum ether as the solvent, was systematically applied to extract main macamides and macaenes from Maca hypocotyls. Extraction yield was related with four variables, including ratio of solution to solid, extraction temperature, extraction time, and extraction power. On the basis of response surface methodology (RSM), the optimal conditions were determined to be the ratio of solution to solid as 10:1 (mL/g), the extraction temperature of 40 °C, the extraction time of 30 min, and the extraction power of 200 W. Based on the optimal extraction method of UAE, the total contents of ten main macamides and two main macaenes of Maca cultivated in twenty different areas of Tibet were analyzed by HPLC and UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS. This study indicated that UAE was able to effectively extract macamides alkaloids from Maca hypocotyls. Quantitative analysis showed that geographical origins, not ecotypes, played a more important role on the accumulation of active macamides in Maca.

Assessment of Ultrasound Assisted Extraction as an Alternative Method for the Extraction of Anthocyanins and Total Phenolic Compounds from Maqui Berries (Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz)

“…Regarding the cycle, the amplitude or power may favour the destruction of the cell walls and improve the mass transfer during the extraction process [30]. Therefore, a study that is based on a Box-Behnken design was carried out to determine the optimal conditions for the extraction method and to evaluate the importance of each factor and the relationships between them [31,32]. The results were treated with a response surface method; a technique that generates a mathematical model where the response of the system can be observed in terms of the factors that are involved and the interactions between them [23,33].…”

Antioxidants in Maca (Lepidium meyenii) as a Supplement in Nutrition

“…N-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-hexadecanamide and N-benziltetracosanamide, commonly found in cultivated maca, were also detected in wild maca [25]. The cultivation region and the drying process affect the amount of macamides but the effect of ecotype is not clear [17,26,27]. Compared to maca grown in Peru, China and…”

“…Although the composition, the yield and the purity of MP vary according to the extraction method, the water extraction method, simple and eco-friendly, is preferred in studies to isolate them. But there are disadvantages such as the need for additional applications (ultrasonic extraction, enzymes, centrifuge, deproteinization) to increase the yield or purity of polysaccharides in maca extract [39,26]. For example, when increasing the concentration of solvent, MP yield increases but the purity of MP decreases from 69.4 to 39.5%.…”

Neuroprotection of N-benzyl Eicosapentaenamide in Neonatal Mice Following Hypoxic–Ischemic Brain Injury

“…Maca ( Lepidium meyenii ) is an annual or biennial herb of the South American cruciferous family, which was classified as a new resource food in 2011 [ 9 , 10 ]. A variety of components with pharmacological and nutritional effects have been identified in maca, which include polysaccharides, phytosterols, alkaloids, glucosinolates, macaenes, and macamides [ 11 , 12 ]. Among these bioactive ingredients, macamides, a group of non-polar, long-chain fatty acid N-benzylamide compounds, were recognized as the characteristic constituents while contributing to the major efficacies in maca such as antifatigue, antiosteoporosis, and improving fertility [ 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”