In this paper, new recursive structures for computing radix-two-dimensional (2-D) discrete cosine transform (DCT) and 2-D inverse DCT (IDCT) are proposed. The 2-D DCT/IDCT are first decomposed into cosine-cosine and sine-sine transforms. Based on indexes of transform bases, the regular pre-addition preprocess is established and the recursive structures for 2-D DCT/IDCT, which can be realized in a second-order infinite-impulse response (IIR) filter, are derived without involving any transposition procedure. For computation of 2-D DCT/IDCT, the recursive loops of the proposed structures are less than that of one-dimensional DCT/IDCT recursive structures, which require data transposition to achieve the so-called row-column approach. With advantages of fewer recursive loops and no transposition, the proposed recursive structures achieve more accurate results and less power consumption than the existed methods. The regular and modular properties are suitable for very large-scale integration (VLSI) implementation. By using similar procedures, the recursive structures for 2-D DST and 2-D IDST are also proposed. Index Terms-Discrete cosine transform (DCT), fast algorithm, inverse DCT (IDCT), multidimensional signal processing, recursive structure.

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Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a widely used technique in biomedical and chemical analysis. A novel 10-bit impedance-to-digital converter (IDC), which can measure and directly convert the magnitude and phase of impedance to digital codes, is proposed for the EIS measurement system. The proposed IDC is composed of a magnitude-to-digital converter (MDC) and a phase-to-digital converter (PDC). The proposed IDC was designed and fabricated using a 0.35 [Formula: see text] 2P4M mixed-signal polycide process, and the core area is only 0.07 mm. Moreover, it can work over a very wide frequency range (0.1 mHz-100 kHz), and has excellent accuracy. According to the measured results, the DNL of the MDC is within -0.3/+0.3 LSB, and the INL is around -3/+1 LSB. Moreover, an EIS measurement system, which is composed of the proposed IDC chip and some other commercial chips, is built to measure ZoBell's and melatonin solutions for validating the function of the proposed IDC.

The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has a sensitivity comparable to that of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) transducer. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have a much lower cost than natural antibodies, they are easier to fabricate and more stable, and they exhibit satisfactory recognition ability when integrated onto sensing transducers. Hence, MIP-based QCM sensors have been used to recognize small molecules and, recently, microorganisms, but only a few have been adopted in protein sensing. In this work, a mixed salivary protein and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol), EVAL, solution is coated onto a QCM chip and a molecularly imprinted EVAL thin film formed by thermally induced phase separation (TIPS). The optimal ethylene mole ratios of the commercially available EVALs for the imprinting of amylase, lipase and lysozyme were found to be 32, 38, and 44 mol %, respectively. Finally, the salivary protein-imprinted EVAL-based QCM sensors were used to detect amylase, lipase and lysozyme in real samples (saliva) and their effectiveness was compared with that of a commercial ARCHITECT ci 8200 chemical analysis system. The limits of detection (LOD) for those salivary proteins were as low as ∼pM.

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