Background: Identification of protein complexes is crucial for understanding principles of cellular organization and functions. As the size of protein-protein interaction set increases, a general trend is to represent the interactions as a network and to develop effective algorithms to detect significant complexes in such networks.
Cocatalysts
have been extensively used to accelerate the rate of
hydrogen evolution in semiconductor-based photocatalytic systems,
but the influence of interface state between semiconductor and cocatalyst
has been rarely investigated. Here, we demonstrate a feasible strategy
of two-dimensional (2D) nanojuctions to enhance solar hydrogen generation
of the MoS2/TiO2 system. Loading of 2D MoS2 nanosheets on the surface of 2D anatase TiO2 nanosheets
with exposed (001) facets greatly increases the interfacial contact.
At an optimal ratio of 0.50 wt % MoS2, the 2D-2D MoS2/TiO2 photocatalyst shows the highest H2 evolution rate of 2145 μmol h–1 g–1, which is almost 36.4 times higher than that of pure TiO2 nanosheets. The apparent quantum yield of hydrogen evolution system
reaches 6.4% at 360 nm. More importantly, the 2D-2D MoS2/TiO2 composite exhibits photocatalytic activity much
higher than those of noble metal (such as Pt, Rh, Ru, Pd, and Au)
loaded TiO2 photocatalysts. The decisive factor in improving
the photocatalytic H2 production activity is an intimate
and large contact interface between the light-harvesting semiconductor
and cocatalyst. The effective charge transfer from TiO2 to MoS2 is demonstrated by the significant enhancement
of photocurrent responses in 2D-2D MoS2/TiO2 composite electrodes. This work creates new opportunities for designing
and constructing highly efficient photocatalysts by interface engineering.
A derivative of poly[(m-phenylenevinylene)-alt-(p-phenylenevinylene)] ( 7) has been synthesized via the standard Wittig condensation to investigate the effects of m-phenylene on the physical properties of PPVs. The polymer synthesized has a molecular weight of about 20 000, corresponding to a number-average degree of polymerization of about 41. A model compound, 1,4-distyryl-2,5-dihexyloxybenzene (9), has also been synthesized to evaluate the effectiveness of π-conjugation interruption at m-phenylene. Comparison of photoabsorption and emission characteristics between 7 and 9 indicates that the presence of m-phenylene effectively interrupts the conjugation in PPV, allowing precise color control in the fully π-conjugated polymers. 1 H NMR is found to be a convenient tool to characterize the cis/trans-olefins in the polymer. The PL quantum yield of 7 is quite high in both solution and solid states (0.6-0.8), suggesting potential applications of the material in various electrooptical devices.
Electroluminescence (EL) in pure poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) has been observed in a simple single active layer EL device with the structure of ITO/PVK/Al (or Ca). The emitted light is violet with a maximum intensity at 426 nm; a part of the spectrum lies within the UV region. Blends of PVK with a conjugated-nonconjugated multiblock copolymer (CNMBC) previously described are also electroluminescent. In these blends a new emission peak in the EL spectra appeared and can be attributed to the emission from an exciplex formed by the two polymers. As the composition of the aforementioned blend changes from a PVK-poor to a PVK-rich ratio, the emitted light changes from green to blue. Further, blends containing 97 wt. % PVK and 3 wt. % CNMBC yielded an EL spectrum with a single emission peak different in location from either that of pure PVK or the pure CNMBC; the latter is blue with a maximum intensity at 476 nm. The EL output of the blends can be clearly seen in a brightly lit room at ambient temperature. An electron transport layer consisting of butyl-2-(4-biphenyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole) (PBD) in PMMA on the cathodic side of the EL device greatly increased the brightness of the emitted light to 200 cd/m2 in the case of a PVK-rich blend, but it had less effect on a PVK-poor blend or in pure PVK and had little effect on the pure form of the CNMBC.
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