Background: Liquid-based cytology (LBC) is a technique that enables cells to be suspended in a monolayer, through which better morphological assessment is possible. There are very few studies done to evaluate the outcomes between conventional and UPREP LBC method. A successful validation of UPREP LBC will go a long way in providing both affordable and accurate management of cancers in developing countries. Methods: This study was carried out as a comparative study among 110 all adults who were advised to undergo Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) examination for palpable lesions in thyroid, breast and lymph node in our tertiary care hospital. Conventional FNAC was taken for 55 participants and for the UPREP LBC group (55 participants), the same procedure was repeated and instead of air, preservative solution was drawn into the syringe. Various cytological parameters including cellularity, background, monolayer, cellular morphologic change, nuclear changes and inflammatory infiltrate were studied. Results: Among the individual lesions involving breast, thyroid and lymph node, breast carcinoma was highest in both the groups (25.4%) followed by fibroadenoma of the breast (20%) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (18.2%). Statistically significant differences were observed between the conventional and UPREP groups. Informative background was increasingly better in the conventional group compared to the UPREP group (p<0.001) while background debris was absent in most of the patients in UPREP group (p<0.001). Details pertaining to nucleus and cytoplasm were better perceived in the UPREP group compared to the conventional group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Manual liquid based cytology like UPREP LBC is an accurate, less expensive alternative procedure to automated LBC with the advantage of providing monolayer, absence of obscuring blood or debris, better nuclear and cytoplasmic morphology.

Background: The outcome of Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is highly influenced at diagnosis, presence of prognostic factors and the treatment modality. Evaluation of prognostic factors is predominantly done by pathological assessment of CRC resection specimens. This study was done to correlate the expression of EGFR in the colorectal carcinoma cases by immunohistochemistry which will facilitate the targeted therapy for patients suffering from this malignancy. Methods: This retrospective study was done on H and E sections retrieved from the surgical pathology registers on 100 cases of CRC. The methodology we used here were specimen reception, collection of clinical data, tissue processing & making paraffin blocks, hematoxylin & Eosin staining, histological assessment, interpretation of data, selection of appropriate block for immuno histochemistry (IHC), IHC expression of EGFR in colonic carcinoma, correlation & analysis of the above parameters for the final outcome. Results: The age of the patients ranged from 31 to 87 years and highest incidence was noted in the age group 41 to 51 years (32%). The most common histological variants we analysed in our study were adenocarcinoma (78%), mucinous (12%), signet ring (22%) and undifferentiated carcinoma (5%). We noted that the staining of EGFR (IHC) had taken up only in the cytoplasm of all cases. Conclusion: The results of our study are in concordance with many studies in the literature. Even though EGFR is over expressed in various tumours it has only limited to no value in cancers of colon.

Background: The exfoliated cells in the body fluids are easily obtained by tapping and are subjected to biochemical and cytological examination. The study of fluid cytology has paramount importance in identifying atypical cells as the finding of cancer cells in such a specimen denotes that the patient has advanced cancer. Materials and Method:The present study is a descriptive study carried out over a period of one year from December 2018 to November 2019. Various body fluids including peritoneal, pleural, cerebrospinal fluids were included in this study. H&E stain and papanicolaou stain were done. They were then reported and classified as malignant and non-malignant lesions. Results: A total of 532 body fluids were included in this study. Peritoneal fluid comprised the majority of the samples with 228 (42.86%) followed by pleural fluid in 190 (35.71%) cases. Among the samples received a male preponderance was noted. Majority of the fluid specimens were reported as negative for malignant cells. Conclusion: Body fluid cytology is a rapid and simple diagnostic modality. In our study, majority of the malignancies were found in the peritoneal fluid with maximum cases being adenocarcinoma. Conventional smear method is a fairly good method for all types of effusions.

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding is one of the most common presenting symptoms among women visiting the gynecology outpatient department. Sonography and endometrial biopsy are the usual methods of evaluation; rarely, invasive procedures like hysteroscopy may be needed. Endometrial sampling can be used as a first step in the evaluation. This study was done to analyze the histopathology of the endometrium and to evaluate the causes of abnormal uterine bleeding. Materials and Methods: Endometrial samples were obtained using dilation and curettage from 50 women presenting to the gynaecology outpatient department with abnormal uterine bleeding symptoms in a medical college hospital. Results: Among the 50 cases, 21 were found to have endometrial hyperplasia (72.4%); 24 were diagnosed to have an organic lesion (48%). The endometrium was found to be in the proliferative phase in the majority of the cases (40%). The most common age group was 31-40 years and simple cystic hyperplasia was the commonest endometrial pattern. Single-parity women were most commonly affected and they showed a secretory endometrium under microscopy. Conclusions: Endometrial sampling should be carried out in every patient with abnormal uterine bleeding to study the histopathology of the endometrium and to evaluate the causes of the disease.